材料科学基础--金属材料的变形与再结晶(上)(专业课) 本文关键词：材料科学，专业课，结晶，金属材料，变形
材料科学基础--金属材料的变形与再结晶(上)(专业课) 本文简介：一、单选题（共7小题，每题5分）1、体型立方是一种（）结构。A、平行B、密排C、并列D、对称2、镁晶体在常温情况下有（）面。A、12B、3C、4D、63、滑移带在光学显微镜下呈现（）状态。A、线形B、环形C、圆形D、梯形4、固溶体中的溶质原子趋向于在（）周围的聚集分布。A、位错B、应力C、应变D、晶
材料科学基础--金属材料的变形与再结晶(上)(专业课) 本文内容：
一、单选题（共
7
小题，每题
5
分）
1、
体型立方是一种（
）结构。
A、平行
B、密排
C、并列
D、对称
2、镁晶体在常温情况下有（
）面。
A、12
B、3
C、4
D、6
3、滑移带在光学显微镜下呈现（
）状态。
A、线形
B、环形
C、圆形
D、梯形
4、固溶体中的溶质原子趋向于在（
）周围的聚集分布。
A、位错
B、应力
C、应变
D、晶粒
5、复滑移的另一个名字是（
）。
A、滑移系
B、复滑移
C、滑移线
D、多滑移
6、丝织构是在（
）过程中形成。
A、拔丝
B、轧向
C、轧板
D、轧面
7、溶质原子气团将对位错起到（
）作用。
A、割阶
B、扭折
C、钉扎
D、硬化
二、多选题（共
6
小题，每题
5
分）
1、以下属于多项合金塑性变形的是（
）。
A、聚合型合金组织
B、弥散型合金组织
C、塑性合金组织
D、多项合金组织
2、单晶体的塑性变形主要包括（
）。
A、滑移
B、滑移系
C、复滑移
D、滑移线
3、退火孪晶的（
）与孪晶有较大区别。
A、形貌
B、形变
C、温度
D、机制
4、（
）首先估算了派—纳力（P-N力）。
A、派尔斯
B、纳尔斯
C、纳巴罗
D、派巴罗
5、金属的塑性变形主要包括（
）。
A、复杂晶体的塑性变形
B、单晶体的塑性变形
C、多晶体的塑性变形
D、以上答案都对
6、溶质原子的加入通常同时提高（
）。
A、屈服强度
B、整个应力—应变曲线的水平
C、材料的加工硬化速率
D、位错应力场
三、判断题（共
7
小题，每题
5
分）
1、孪生会使位向发生变化，与未切变区呈镜面平行。
对
错
2、晶体的变形方式只有滑移和孪生两种。
对
错
3、溶质原子与位错发生弹性的交互作用。
对
错
4、滑移的临界分切应力的取向因子最小值是0.5。
对
错
5、晶体的滑移可以是晶体任意的晶面。
对
错
6、变形金属在退火过程中也可能产生孪晶组织。
对
错
7、板织构主要是在轧板时形成，其主要特征为各晶粒的某一晶面和晶向趋向于与轧面和扎向平行，一般这种组织也就以相关面和方向表示。
对
错
得分：70分
篇2：材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文 本文关键词：材料科学，译文，专业英语，工程，_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文 本文简介：Solidmaterialshavebeenconvenientlygroupedintothreebasicclassifications:metals,ceramics,andpolymers.Thisschemeisbasedprimarilyonchemicalmakeupandatomic
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文 本文内容：
Solid
materials
have
been
conveniently
grouped
into
three
basic
classifications:
metals,ceramics,and
polymers.
This
scheme
is
based
primarily
on
chemical
makeup
and
atomic
structure,and
most
materials
fall
into
one
distinct
grouping
or
another,although
there
are
some
intermediates.
In
addition,there
are
three
other
groups
of
important
engineering
materials—composites,semiconductors,and
biomaterials.
译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。除此之外，
有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites
consist
of
combinations
of
two
or
more
different
materials,whereas
semiconductors
are
utilized
because
of
their
unusual
electrical
characteristics;
biomaterials
are
implanted
into
the
human
body.
A
brief
explanation
of
the
material
types
and
representative
characteristics
is
offered
next.
译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。关于材料类型和他们特殊的特征的一个简单的解释将在后面给出。
METALS
Metallic
materials
are
normally
combinations
of
metallic
elements.
They
have
large
numbers
of
nonlocalized
electrons;
that
is,these
electrons
are
not
bound
to
particular
atoms.
Many
properties
of
metals
are
directly
able
to
these
electrons.
be
bound
to
被约束于。。
be
attribute
to
归属于。。归因于。。
译文：金属材料通常由金属元素组成。它们有大量无规则运动的电子。也就是说，这些电子不是被约束于某个特定的原子。金属的许多性质直接归属这些不规则运动的电子。
Metals
are
extremely
good
conductors
of
electricity
and
heat
and
are
not
transparent
to
visible
light;
a
polished
metal
surface
has
a
lustrous
appearance.
Furthermore,metals
are
quite
strong,yet
deformable,which
accounts
for
their
extensive
use
in
structural
applications.
科技英语在讲述科学真理的时候通常用主动语态。如：
Metals
are
extremely
good
conductors
of
electricity
Deformable
？
译文：金属是十分好的电和热的导体，它们对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。除此之外，金属是十分硬的，也是可变形的，这个性质解释了它们广泛使用在结构方面的应用。
CERAMICS
Ceramics
are
compounds
between
metallic
and
nonmetallic
elements;
they
are
most
frequently
oxides,nitrides,and
carbides.
The
wide
range
of
materials
that
falls
within
this
classification
includes
ceramics
that
are
composed
of
clay
minerals,cement,and
glass.
that引导的定语从句
译文：陶瓷是介于金属和非金属元素之间的化合物；它们通常是氧化物，氮化物和碳化物。落在这个分类种类中的宽的材料范围包括陶瓷，它们由粘土矿物，水泥和玻璃组成。
These
materials
are
typically
insulative
to
the
passage
of
electricity
and
heat,and
are
more
resistant
to
high
temperatures
and
harsh
environments
than
metals
and
polymers.
With
regard
to
mechanical
behavior,ceramics
are
hard
but
very
brittle.
more….
Than…
with
regard
to….
译文：这些材料是典型的电和热的绝缘体，并且它们比金属和聚合物更加耐高温和耐苛刻的环境。至于机械性能，陶瓷是硬的但是却很脆。
POLYMERS
Polymers
include
the
familiar
plastic
and
rubber
materials.
Many
of
them
are
organic
compounds
that
are
chemically
based
on
carbon,hydrogen,and
other
nonmetallic
elements;
furthermore,they
have
very
large
molecular
structures.
These
materials
typically
have
low
densities
and
may
be
extremely
flexible.
译文：聚合物包括常见的塑料和橡胶材料。它们中的大多数是有机化合物，这些化合物是以化学的方法把碳、氢和其他非金属元素组合而成。因此，它们有非常大的分子结构。这些材料通常有低的密度并且可能十分柔软。
COMPOSITES
A
number
of
composite
materials
have
been
engineered
that
consist
of
more
than
one
material
type.
Fiberglass
is
a
familiar
example,in
which
glass
fibers
are
embedded
within
a
polymeric
material.
more
than…
译文：许多复合材料被作用工程使用，它们由至少一种类型的材料组成。玻璃丝是一个熟悉的例子，玻璃纤维被埋入聚合物材料中。
A
composite
is
designed
to
display
a
combination
of
the
best
characteristics
of
each
of
the
component
materials.
Fiberglass
acquires
strength
from
the
glass
and
flexibility
from
the
polymer.
Many
of
the
recent
material
developments
have
involved
composite
materials.
译文：为了联合显示每一种组分材料最好的特性，一种复合材料被设计出来。玻璃丝从玻璃中获得强度并且从聚合物中获得柔软性。最近发展中的绝大多数材料包含了复合材料。
SEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductors
have
electrical
properties
that
are
intermediate
between
the
electrical
conductors
and
insulators.
Furthermore,the
electrical
characteristics
of
these
materials
are
extremely
sensitive
to
the
presence
of
minute
concentrations
of
impurity
atoms,which
concentrations
may
be
controlled
over
very
small
spatial
regions.
be
sensitive
to
对…敏感的
译文：半导体有电的性质，它们是介于电导体和绝缘体之间的中间物。除此之外，这些材料的电学性质对微量杂质原子的存在十分敏感，杂质原子浓度可能只是在一个十分小的区域内可以控制。
The
semiconductors
have
made
possible
the
advent
of
integrated
circuitry
that
has
totally
revolutionized
the
electronics
and
computer
industries
(not
to
mention
our
lives)
over
the
past
two
decades.
译文：这些半导体使得集成电路的出现变得可能，在过去20多年间，这些集成电路革新了电子装置和计算机工业（更不用说我们的生活）。
BIOMATERIALS
Biomaterials
are
employed
in
components
implanted
into
the
human
body
for
replacement
of
diseased
or
damaged
body
parts.
These
materials
must
not
produce
toxic
substances
and
must
be
compatible
with
body
tissues
(i.e.,must
not
cause
adverse
biological
reactions).
译文：生物材料被应用于移植进入人类身体以取代病变的或者损坏的身体部件。这些材料不能产生有毒物质而且必须同人身体器官要相容（比如，不能导致相反的生物反应）。
All
of
the
above
materials—metals,ceramics,polymers,composites,and
semiconductors—may
be
used
as
biomaterials.
For
example,some
of
the
biomaterials
such
as
CF/C
(carbon
fibers/carbon)
and
CF/PS
(polysulfone)
are
utilized
in
artificial
hip
replacements.
译文：所有以上材料－金属，陶瓷，聚合物，复合材料和半导体材料可能用作生物材料。比如，如CF/C和CF/PS（聚砜）这些生物材料被用作人工肾的取代物。
ADVANCED
MATERIALS
Materials
that
are
utilized
in
high-technology
(or
high-tech)
applications
are
sometimes
termed
advanced
materials.
By
high
technology
we
mean
a
device
or
product
that
operates
or
functions
using
relatively
intricate
and
sophisticated
principles;
examples
include
electronic
equipment
(VCRs,CD
players,etc.),computers,fiberoptic
systems,spacecraft,aircraft,and
military
rocketry.
译文：用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料。借助于高科技，我们预定一个装置或者产品，这些产品用相对复杂和熟练的原理运转或者起作用；这些例子包括电子设备（
VCRs,CD
播放器），计算机，光纤系统，宇宙飞船，航天飞机和军事火箭。
These
advanced
materials
are
typically
either
traditional
materials
whose
properties
have
been
enhanced
or
newly
developed,high-performance
materials.
Furthermore,they
may
be
of
all
material
types
(e.g.,metals,ceramics,polymers),and
are
normally
relatively
expensive.
译文：这些高级材料或是典型的传统材料，它们的性质被提高，最近开发出来的，高性能材料。除此之外，它们可能是所有材料类型（比如，金属、陶瓷和聚合物），通常相对较贵。
In
subsequent
chapters
are
discussed
the
properties
and
applications
of
a
number
of
advanced
materials—for
example,materials
that
are
used
for
lasers,integrated
circuits,magnetic
information
storage,liquid
crystal
displays
(LCDs),fiber
optics,and
the
thermal
protection
system
for
the
Space
Shuttle
Orbiter.
译文：
在下面的章节将讨论众多先进材料的性质和应用－比如被用作激光，集成电路，磁信息存储，液晶显示器，光纤和空间舱轨道的热保护系统的材料。
MODERN
MATERIALS’
NEEDS
In
spite
of
the
tremendous
progress
that
has
been
made
in
the
discipline
of
materials
science
and
engineering
within
the
past
few
years,there
still
remain
technological
challenges,including
the
development
of
even
more
sophisticated
and
specialized
materials,as
well
as
consideration
of
the
environmental
impact
of
materials
production.
Some
comment
is
appropriate
relative
to
these
issues
so
as
to
round
out
this
perspective.
译文：在过去几年内，不论材料科学与工程的规律取得了巨大的进步，仍然有一些技术挑战，包括开发更加熟练的专业化的材料，并且考虑材料生产对环境导致的影响。针对这个问题，一些评论是十分相关的。
Nuclear
energy
holds
some
promise,but
the
solutions
to
the
many
problems
that
remain
will
necessarily
involve
materials,from
fuels
to
containment
structures
to
facilities
for
the
disposal
of
radioactive
waste.
译文：核能还保持着一些承诺，但是解决许多仍然存在的问题，将有必要把材料包括在里，从燃料到保护结构以便方便处置这些放射性废料。
Significant
quantities
of
energy
are
involved
in
transportation.
Reducing
the
weight
of
transportation
vehicles
(automobiles,aircraft,trains,etc.),as
well
as
increasing
engine
operating
temperatures,will
enhance
fuel
efficiency.
New
high
strength,low-density
structural
materials
remain
to
be
developed,as
well
as
materials
that
have
higher-temperature
capabilities,for
use
in
engine
components.
译文：相当数量的能源用在交通上。减少交通工具（汽车，飞机，火车等）的重量，和提高引擎操作温度，将提高燃料的使用效率。新的高强，低密度结构材料仍在发展，用作引擎部位能耐高温材料也在发展中。
Furthermore,there
is
a
recognized
need
to
find
new,economical
sources
of
energy,and
to
use
the
present
resources
more
efficiently.
Materials
will
undoubtedly
play
a
significant
role
in
these
developments.
译文：除此之外，寻找新的、经济的能源资源，并且更加有效的使用目前现存的资源是公认为必须的。材料将毫无疑问的在这些发展过程中扮演重要的角色。
For
example,the
direct
conversion
of
solar
into
electrical
energy
has
been
demonstrated.
Solar
cells
employ
some
rather
complex
and
expensive
materials.
To
ensure
a
viable
technology,materials
that
are
highly
efficient
in
this
conversion
process
yet
less
costly
must
be
developed.
译文：比如，太阳能直接转化为电能已经被证实了。太阳能电池使用相当复杂并且昂贵的材料。为了保证技术的可行，在这个转化过程中的高效但不贵的材料必须被发展。
Furthermore,environmental
quality
depends
on
our
ability
to
control
air
and
water
pollution.
Pollution
control
techniques
employ
various
materials.
In
addition,materials
processing
and
refinement
methods
need
to
be
improved
so
that
they
produce
less
environmental
degradation,that
is,less
pollution
and
less
despoilage
of
the
landscape
from
the
mining
of
raw
materials.
译文：除此之外，环境质量取决于我们控制大气和水污染的能力。污染控制技术使用了各种材料。再者，材料加工和精制的方法需要改善以便它们产生很少的环境退化，也就是说，在生材料加工过程中，带来更少的污染和更少的对自然环境的破坏。
Also,in
some
materials
manufacturing
processes,toxic
substances
are
produced,and
the
ecological
impact
of
their
disposal
must
be
considered.
Many
materials
that
we
use
are
derived
from
resources
that
are
nonrenewable,that
is,not
capable
of
being
regenerated.
These
include
polymers,for
which
the
prime
raw
material
is
oil,and
some
metals.
These
nonrenewable
resources
are
gradually
becoming
depleted.
译文：也，在一些材料生产过程中，有毒物质产生了，并且它们的处置对生态产生的影响必须加以考虑。
我们使用的许多材料来源于不可再生的资源，不可再生也就是说不能再次生成的。这些材料包括聚合物，最初的原生材料是油和一些金属。这些不可再生的资源逐渐变得枯竭
which
necessitates:
1)
the
discovery
of
additional
reserves,2)
the
development
of
new
materials
having
comparable
properties
with
less
adverse
environmental
impact,and/or
3)
increased
recycling
efforts
and
the
development
of
new
recycling
technologies.
译文：下面是必须的：1）发现另外的储藏，2）开发拥有较少负环境影响的新材料，3)增加循环的努力并且开发新的循环技术。
As
a
consequence
of
the
economics
of
not
only
production
but
also
environmental
impact
and
ecological
factors,it
is
becoming
increasingly
important
to
consider
the
‘‘cradle-to-grave’’
life
cycle
of
materials
relative
to
the
overall
manufacturing
process.
译文：结果，不仅是生产，而且环境影响和生态因子，和材料整个生产过程紧密相关的材料“一生”的生命周期的考虑变得越来越重要。
篇3：材料科学基础第二章
材料科学基础第二章 本文关键词：材料科学，第二章，基础
材料科学基础第二章 本文简介：湖州师范学院求真学院课堂教学模式改革-《材料科学基础》chapter2-1homeworkFundamentalConcepts:ElectronsinAtoms1.1(a)Citethedifferencebetweenatomicmassandatomicweight.(b)Citetwoimp
材料科学基础第二章 本文内容：
湖州师范学院求真学院课堂教学模式改革-《材料科学基础》chapter
2-1
homework
Fundamental
Concepts:Electrons
in
Atoms
1.1
(a)
Cite
the
difference
between
atomic
mass
and
atomic
weight.
(b)
Cite
two
important
quantum-mechanical
concepts
associated
with
the
Bohr
model
of
the
atom.
(c)
Cite
two
important
additional
refinements
that
resulted
from
the
wave-mechanical
atomic
model.
1.2
Give
the
electron
configurations
for
the
following
ions:
P5+,P3-,Sn4+,Cu2+,I-,and
Ni2+
Reference：
The
Periodic
Table
1.3
To
what
group
in
the
periodic
table
would
an
element
with
atomic
number
112
belong?
1.4
Determine
whether
each
of
the
electron
configurations
given
below
is
an
inert
gas,a
halogen,an
alkali
metal,an
alkaline
earth
metal,or
a
transition
metal.
Justify
your
choices.
Bonding
Forces
and
Energies
1.5
The
net
potential
energy
EN
between
two
adjacent
ions,that
is：
(2.1)
Calculate
the
bonding
energy
E0
in
terms
of
the
parameters
A,B,and
n
using
the
following
procedure:
1.
Differentiate
EN
with
respect
to
r,and
then
set
the
resulting
expression
equal
to
zero,since
the
curve
of
EN
versus
r
is
a
minimum
at
E0
.
2.
Solve
for
r
in
terms
of
A,B,and
n,which
yields
r0,the
equilibrium
interionic
spacing.
3.
Determine
the
expression
for
E0
by
substitution
of
r0
into
Equation
2.1.
1.6
The
net
potential
energy
EN
between
two
adjacent
ions
is
sometimes
represented
by
the
expression
(2.2)
in
which
r
is
the
interionic
separation
and
C,D,and
r
are
constants
whose
values
depend
on
the
specific
material.
(a)
Derive
an
expression
for
the
bonding
energy
E0
in
terms
of
the
equilibrium
interionic
separation
r0
and
the
constants
D
and
r
using
the
following
procedure:
1.
Differentiate
EN
with
respect
to
r
and
set
the
resulting
expression
equal
to
zero.
2.
Solve
for
C
in
terms
of
D,r
and
r0.
3.
Determine
the
expression
for
E0
by
substitution
for
C
in
Equation
2.2.
(b)
Derive
another
expression
for
E0
in
terms
of
r0,C,and
r
using
a
procedure
analogous
to
the
one
outlined
in
part
(a).
我们不能选择出身，但是仍然坚信希望与梦想！
选择放弃，停止前进的努力，你会抱憾终身。