周恩来主题班会 本文关键词:周恩来,班会,主题
周恩来主题班会 本文简介:?ü?÷à′?÷ìa°à?á???ˉ·?°????ˉ??μ?£o?a3?·?íú?ò?ü?÷à′????μàμ??ìóyμ?·á??×ê?′£?3?·?·¢?óoí?????ü?÷à′??é????D?éúμ??ìóyó?ê?£??????′3é?êè?????μàμ?êμ?ê£?×é?ˉè?D£
周恩来主题班会 本文内容:
?ü?÷à′?÷ìa°à?á???ˉ·?°?
???ˉ??μ?£o
?a3?·?íú?ò?ü?÷à′????μàμ??ìóyμ?·á??×ê?′£?3?·?·¢?óoí?????ü?÷à′??é????D?éúμ??ìóyó?ê?£??????′3é?êè?????μàμ?êμ?ê£?×é?ˉè?D£?éú??°?¢o????¢′?3D?ü?÷à′?ú????μàμ?·????ù??óDμ???1ó?·?ê?¢?????é2ùoí??éD·?·?£?í¨1yò??μáD???ˉμ??a?1£?′ùê1è?°à?éú?°??à??2£?ê??í?é£??ú?áêé£??ü3??à£??2í??á£?óD×÷?a?±£?ê1?éú′óD?ê÷á¢3???àí??£?ò?ìì???a?oè?£?D??3?°?a?D?a??áè?e???áêé?±μ???′ó±?o£??ú·ü??°£?á¢??±¨D×?1ú?£
í¨1y???ˉ£?è??éú3?·?è?ê?è????áêéμ?±?òaD?£??¤·¢????μ??eè??D£???°?ü×üàí?°?a?D?a??áè?e???áêé?±μ???é??£
???ˉ×?±?£o
?ìêò
?÷3?è?
ê?àê?D
1êê?
?è?ú
???ˉ1y3ì£o
ò??¢?÷3?è?D?2??÷ìa°à?á???ˉ?úèY?a?a?°?ò?ü?÷à′í?????°?±£?2¢ì???ò???í??é?ì¨?2ê??ü?÷à′í???μ??-àú?£
?t?¢?÷3?è?òy3??°
?ü?÷à′éíé??°?y??×??D?a??×?μ?′?í3?àμ??±?±?°?°?ü?÷à′??é??±μè?°ìa£?è?ì¨??μ?í????ì???·¢???£
èy?¢ê?àê?D??×?1úíò?ê?·
???¢??ì??a?1?°áù??ò??±???ˉ?£
1?¢?????éú?áò?±??ü?÷à′1êê?êé?£
òa°??a′????ˉoí?áêé???ˉ???üáa?μ?eà′£?òa?ó?????éú?áéù?áò?±??ü?÷à′1êê?êé£??áéù?á?2ò??ò?ü?÷
à′1êê?£?éè??ò?·Y?áêéD?±¨?£
2?¢?a?1?÷ìa°à?á???ˉ?£???áoíé?í?2é??óD1??ü?÷à′μ???ê·?¢í???£?2?1??ü?÷à′1ê?ó?¢?í??1YμèD?ê?£?ê1?ü?÷à′??é?è??ü?à?éú?ùá??a?¢3??′oí??°£?è??ü?à?éú?aéú?ú?ü?÷à′1ê??????°áoí×?oà?£
3?¢3?ò??ú?÷ìaoú°?±¨?£
4?¢?a?1ò?′??2?ü?÷à′1êê?±èèü?ò?Y?2±èèü?£
5?¢ê÷á¢ò??úμ?Díμ?è?oíê??£????°à???ú??°???ˉ???Dó???3?à′μ?ó?D??éú??DD±í??£??¤·¢?ü?àμ??éúí?è?μ???°???ˉ?Dà′?£
6?¢×é?ˉò??úó?D??éúè¥?°???ü?÷à′?í??1Y?£
???¢?÷3?è?óéD??áòyéêμ??eè??D£?è?ì¨???éúì????°???°£??ò???éúμ??÷òa?eè?ê?ê2?′?±?££¨?-ì???μ?3??÷òa?eè?ê??áêé??°£?
áù?¢??3a???ò°???£??D1ú?·
???¢×ü?á£o?a?t£o?ü?÷à′?÷ìa°à?áóD?D
?ü?÷à′?÷ìa°à?áóD?D
ì??°?ü?÷à′£??àD?′ó?ò???a???°ò??¨oüêì?¤?a?a?a?D?a??áè?e???áêé£???ò?×??oμ??ù×÷?ù?a?ùDD×??a???????£?ü?÷à′í???×÷?aò?′ú?°è?£?éú??é?±£3?ò?1á?è?à·ü?·μ?×÷·?£?1¤×÷é??é????1a??′á£??à??oóò??£·-?′??μ?éú??£?2???·¢?????é???ü???àa?£????úê??ê£?éú??oí?ì???à?ìè¥êà£?′ó′?£????íμ???ò???3é?êè?ò??ùμ£?e?òí¥μ??oμ££?×??o????×??o£??yê??a?ùμ?ò????·?3£??y?íá?ò?′ú?°è??£??3¤?úμ£è?μ3oí1ú?òμ???òa?°??£?1¤×÷·±?|£?è?àííò?ú£??T??ê??ú?????è?àμ????ù?ê??£??1ê??úoí???¨éèê±?ú£?????ê±ê±′|′|ò?éí×÷?ò£?????òa?ó×??o£?′ó??D?3éá??°′óμ??ü?÷à′??é??£
??óD×???′óμ?àí??£?1911?ê£?ê??à?êμ???£??úò??ù??í¨μ??D££??úò?????í¨μ??ìêòà?£????μ3?á??a?°?D?a??áè?e???áêé?±?a???°£?ò2Dí?μóDμ??°ê±ê??ìó¢D??±μ?òa??£?μ??òè??a?aó??ü?÷à′×üàíμ???è?DT?????¨ê?óD?ú?úáa?μμ?£?òò?a2¢2?ê?????è???óD?a?ùμ???·¨μ??£??óD×?′???μ?ía??????£?ú?D3??ó????£μ±ía1ú?????ê???ú?D1ú?aê2?′è?×?μ??·?D?°?í?·?±£??ü?÷à′×üàí′óèYμ??μ£o?°òò?a?ò??×?μ?ê??í?????÷ò?μà?·?±£??ùò??D?í?·?£??óD×??T??·??×μ???é?£?????éí?ó????£?μ?′ó2??±??à??£??μ??°ê?ì??ò1??±£?2??a?áè????úμ??àéù1ù?±?Dμ?D?à¢?£??óD×?3???μ?1ú?êítí?£?1976?ê1??8o?£??aìì?°è?μ?D??àí£?1á?ì??ˉ£??ù1úμ????°è?μ?ê?襣?áao?1ú?a???μ°??ì£???ó?μ?á?êà??è???μ?×e?′?£?a?íê?
?ò???′°?μ??ü×üàí£???ò?×??oμ?DD?ˉ?ùDD×??°?a?D?a??áè?e???áêé?±?a?ùò???àí??£?2¢?ˉ?Dì???á??D1ú122úμ3è?μ???·?áá?ú£??ú?D1úè???D??D′£á¢?eò?×ù2?Dàμ?·á±?£??a?D1úμ?122ú?÷ò?ê?òμ·??×á?×??oμ?ò?éú?£?ü?÷à′×üàí??è?ò??-ó?êà3¤′?£?μ?ê???μ???é?±???óà′12?Dà£??üê????¤à?×?ò?′úó?ò?′ú?D1úóD?a?à?ê?aá??D1úμ???D???·ü?·?£?ü?÷à′??é?ê??D?a??×?μ?×?ó?D?μ????ˉ??é?oí122ú?÷ò???é?μ?íê?àí3ò?£?ê??D1úê±′ú??é?μ??ˉ?Dì???£???óDóào?μ????μ?£
×?oóó?′ó?ò·??í?ü?÷à′×üàíμ?ò?D?DT??òa?òò?12??£o1.?ó????°£?×¥×??DD?£??t???e?ó£??tר?e?à£?2.??á|1¤×÷£?òaóD????£?óD??μ?£?óDì?àí?£3.êêμ±μ?·¢??×??oμ?3¤′|£???ì?μ??à?y×??oμ??ì′|?£?£í?′ó?ò?3×??°?a?D?a??áè?e???áêé?±μ?àí??£???á|?ùDD?°?ü?÷à′??é??±£?3?êμμ?1yo???ò?ìì£?×?o?è?éúμ???ò?2??£
ò2Dí???ò???-???3′×??a?ù???ùμ?????£?μ?ê????yμ?μ?êμ??μ??é?üoüéù£?òò?a°?????·??ú??×óà?oí×ìé???ê???ó?μ?£???óD???yμ?????êμ?êDD?ˉ2??ü°?????±??a??êμ?£?aèy£o′′?¨?ü?÷à′°à
?÷ìa°à?á
p3.
′ó?òo?£?????óé?òà′?òμ¥?ééü?ü×üàíμ?éú???£
p4.
?ü?÷à′(1898??1976)£?×??èó?£???ó????éoàμè£????-éüD?è??£?D1ú?T2ú?×?????ü?ò?¢?t???ò?¢?üê??òoíía???ò£??D1ú122úμ3oí?D?aè???12oí1úμ??÷òaáìμ?è?£??D1úè????a·??üμ?′′?¨è???ò??£
p5.
1917?êìì?ò???a?D£±?òμoó£?á??è?±??£1919?ê??1ú?£???????ˉ?D£??úìì?ò×é?ˉ???òé?£?′óê?·′μ??¢·′·a?¨μ????ü???ˉ?£1920?ê襷¨1ú?ú1¤?ó?£?·¢?e×é?ˉ???·?D1úéù?ê122úμ3?£1921?ê?óè??D1ú122úμ3£?è??à?êí????·?2?êé???¢?D12???·?2?áìμ?è??£1924?ê??1ú?£1927?ê8??1è?áìμ?á???2y?eò??£1949?ê?D?aè???12oí1ú3éá¢oó£?ò??±μ£è??t??×üàí£???è?1yía??2?3¤£¨2¢è??D12?D???ü?ˉ?±?÷?ˉ£?è?1ú?tD-?±?÷?ˉ?¢?÷?ˉ?£ê??D12μú???ì?D???t?????ˉ?±£?μúáù?ì?D???t????3£?ˉ£?μú???ì?D???t?????ˉ?±??êé??′|êé??£?μú???ì?D???t????3£?ˉ£?μú°??ì?¢μúê??ì?D???ˉ?±?á?±?÷?ˉ£?μè?°???£
p7.
?ü×üàí3?·??í?ò?ˉ£??ê?áμ??÷1t?????×í???óD°′??ê??èμ?°2??£??????ü×üàí2?1???D?°?μ?D?·é?ú?£?ü×üàíè¥á??£í?è?£??÷1t????ó????ó×üàí3?×????Yê?μ?·é?ú?e·é?ˉàà?£í?×??ü?×è?1μ???1a£??ü×üàí?1ê?′eó|á??÷1t????μ??????£·é?úé?ììá?£??ìDyá???è|oó£???óú??°2μ??μ??á???à′?£μèà??a??3?oó£?óDè?ìá3??ü×üàí2?ó|??í?òa?÷1t????ìá3?ê??è°2??íaμ?òa?ó£??a2?·?o?1ú?ê1?ày?£?ü×üàíè′?μ£??÷1t??????è??ê?á£??éò2ê?ò???1ú?ò?aê×£???óú??ìá3?μ?òa?ó£??ò??ó|μ±×e???£×üàí?°·?ò?×a£?ó??μ£?????ê?2?ê??úD?àí?1??μ??í?ò?ˉê?ò???D?1ú£??ò???í?éò?o?êóá???£??ú1ú?ê??íù?D£??D1ú?üó|??×e??D?1ú£?
?ü×üàíμ?′|±?2??a£??ú???¢?ò?àμ???′eò???×ó???÷1t?????áóúá?2???2??íμ?μ????£
p8.′ó?ò???′?a·ùí?£??aê?μ±?ê?à1ú×üí3?á???é·??aê±?ü×üàí?ú?ú3?ó-?ó??μ??????£????é?μ??aò???£?è?Dí?à????′?ê?2??°?£×D???′£??á???é×üí3μ?éíì?é??ò?°??£????ü×üàíμ?éíì?é??òoó???£óDμ?í???é?ü?aμà£??úè??úí??áòé?ú??£??à1ú′ú±í?óí?°??D1ú′ú±íêó?a?ù±?2?′??ú?£?à1ú′ú±íí?í?3¤??à??1μ±ê±?üá??à1ú′ú±íí?3é2?Díí?122úμ3?D1úμ?′ú±íí?3é?±??ê??£μ±?ü×üàí?úDY?¢êòμèoò??è??á3?ê±£???à??12¢2??aμà??óD??D?è??úDY?¢êò£?óúê???í?????è??£?ü×üàí????à??1??à′á?£?×?±?×??ò?°è¥í?????ê?£???ò???μ??ü×üàí£??íé?×aí·±??ü?£μ?ê?£??à1ú′ú±íí??±í?3¤ê·?ü?1???ü????à??1μ??aò?×?·¨è′oü2?ò??aè?£???è??a?′ê1ê?μDè?£??úí£
1
??ò?oó??·?ò2?á?¥?à??ê??£òò′???×?μ??ü×üàíéí±??£óéóú??à??1???üá?2?Díí???·???ê?£????ò?ü×üàíéì3?ê?à′£?ó?ê???ò????ü×üàíμ???°ò?£
???a?tê?μ?Deê??ò×aê?è′3????ú′óá?μ?ía??ê·??×÷?D£?3é?a?D?àá?1ú1??μ?y3£?ˉ3ì?Dòyè?×¢??μ?ê??t?£?ü?÷à′±?è??úí?ía±?ì??°?D?à′?ì??°′?ê?£?é??á?ú×÷′ó±¨??ê±ò2?21y?£±èè?£????ú1958?ê4??15è?μ?è?1úíaê?1¤×÷?áòéé??í?μ1y£o?°?ò??2??ü?????1???ù±?·¨£?μ?á?è??úí??11??¨ò?ì?£o2?Dí??ê??£?±
??′?ê?ó??ó×?é?μ?′ó???T1yóúê×′?·??ê?D1úμ??à1ú×üí3?á???é?£1972?ê2??£????ú·éíù±±??μ?o?3ì??éí±?1¤×÷è??±?μá?6′?£?òa?????ú·é?úμ?′?±±??ê×???ú3?μ?ê±oò2?òa???ú×???3?2???£?òaè??à1ú×üí3?à×?ó??ü?÷à′??ê?£?ò???21μ±?ê??à??1êà??£1972?ê2??21è?£??á???é3?×?μ??°???üò?o??±?ú±±??×???ò?oó£????′oí·òè?×?????ìY?£?aê±£??ü?÷à′?y?úo?·??Dμè×????£?á???é?ú??ò??DD′μà£o?°?ò?aμà£?1954?ê?úè??úí??áòéê±?£?1ì??¤??à??1?ü??í??ü?÷à′??ê?£?ê1??é?êü?êèè?£òò′?£??ò×?íê??ìYê±??D?ò?±?éì3??òμ?ê?£?ò?±??ò??×?è¥?£?ò??μ?ê??à??ê±£?ò???ê±′ú?áê?á?£?áíò???ê±′ú?aê?á??£?±
?aê?′?àúê·D?μ???ê?ê1?D?àμD??àúê··¢éú×a??£?ê??e?aêà??μ???ê?£?ê???·???·tá??Têy?t????oò?¢????á??T′ó???ˉ2?òìμ??á1??£
?a′ò??á??D1úía??μ?????£?ê1?D1úía????è?á?ò???D??×??£?′ó′?êà?????eá?ó??D1ú?á??μ???·??£
£¨p5.£?óDè??μ£??ü?÷à′ê?óDê·ò?à′êà??é?×??T?éì?ìTμ??′?tè????£?-?ó???÷?ˉó??°èy???áo??±??×?μ??à??á??ü×üàíμ???é??£·?±eê??°122ú?÷ò???′óàí??í???ì¤êμμ?μ?1¤×÷×÷·?μ??áo?£???é??o?eí??????o?eμ??áo?£????èμ??-?òD?í????èμ?áé??D?μ??áo??£?±
p9.?????ò??à′á??aò????ü×üàíμ?è?éú??±ê?£?ü×üàí??°??a?ùò????°×÷?a·ü?·μ??ˉá|£o?°?ò2???μ?óü£??-??μ?óü£?
?±???úè?óDDí?àè?3£°??a???°1ò?ú×ì±??£ê?μ?£??ü×üàí?úμ?óüà??ü?èá?è??D1ú?£?ú?????D???a×??o????á?ò?ì?×??è??×?í′?àμ?μà?·£oèìèè?o??£?òòê?à?μ?£?íì??à?óú?′μ1£?·?′ó??óú?????£?-òòê???òaμ?2?ê??àê·á???£???ê?±£×??a??1ú?ò?£ê?êμ?¤?÷£???×?μ?á??£
p10.?1óDò????ò???úêì?ü?êμ??°£o?°?a?D?a??áè?e???áêé?±?£D???ú?aê?£?éò????1??£·??D£?oD£3¤?êí?????áêéê??aá?ê2?′£?óúê?óDè???′e?μ£o?°ê??aá??ò???áêé?£?±óDè???′e£o?°?a?÷à????áêé?£?±ò2óDè??μ£o?°?a1aò???é1???áêé?£?±μ±?oD£3¤μ???òa?ü?÷à′??′eê?£?×??úoó??μ??ü?÷à′???eà′£?×ˉ??μ???′e£o?°?a?D?a??áè?e???áêé?£?±
???a?D?ò2òò′????a???°×÷?a?èó??¥′óìü??±úé?μ???μ?£?ó?ò??¤à??éú·¢·üí????£
p11.?????ò??à′×ü?áò????ü×üàíμ?3é?í?£¢ùê÷á¢?e1????Día??ò?óa??μ?è?????·??£¢úó???μ???ó?ò??e?¨á¢?e?°′óμ??D?aè???12oí1ú?£¢??ú?????D???é?üμ?±£?¤???ü±£?¤μ?è?£???3?×??D1úμ??-??ó?1ú?êμ????£
p12.?ò???1?aμà£??ú?ü×üàíμ?±3oó£??1óDò???3?é?μ??T2ú?×?????ü?ò£???×??oμ?ò?éú·??×??×?1ú?£?y±?ê??ü?÷à′μ??á·¢?T×ó?a?aμ?ó±3??£?úìì?ò°?1ú?éú???ˉ?D£??ü?÷à′ó?μ?ó±3???ê?3?·??ú?°μ?ó?ê?£??ú???òé??ú£?????ó???ê???è¤?àí?μ???ó??£??3£?é£??à?ê?D??£?ì?±eê???è¤?àí?μ??à?ê?D??£??ú??íù?D?à?¥°???£?ê?×?è???àí£?μ???ê±?ü?÷à′ó?μ?ó±3??aá???3??ú?¤?éμ?D?£?è′??oá??óDè¥1??°??è??D?é£?????ò?D?ò?òa?|×??è1ú£??|×??·?ù?£
2
ó?òò?a??ê±é??áé?·a?¨????oü????£???óú?D??????μ?é???£?μà??ò??1¥?÷?üé?£??????òé?μ?é??±????μ?£?????μ?DD?ˉ£?ê???á÷??ó??ü??×?óDá|μ???′e?£òò′?£??aá??·?ù£????????ü?ó????μ?????×?×??oμ??D?é?£
1920?ê11??7è?£??ü?÷à′μè197???°·¨?ú1¤?ó?μ??éú£?3?×?·¨1úóê′?2¨???à?1o?£??°íù°íàèè¥??ò?2?ì??ó?è1ú?è??μ???àí?£??μ?ó±3??òμ?±±??ê|′ó??D?μ±á??ì?±£???????è??à????é?íò??£?μ?′óà′?′????±?′?μ?áa?μ?£??×?oè??′?êé£?????????×??é??£???á÷×??????£
′?ía£?1ú?úé?ó????13£?áê?μ???×?·¨1úμ??-???òo??ê??£????DDí?àê??ü?÷à′??à′μ??£?????ú1922?êμ×3?ó?è???1ú??±?£???ò?×aμ?ìì?ò?ìêéμ?μ?ó±3?′?è¥á?ò?????óDìaê?μ?o??ê???£?yê??ú?a??′???μ?£???í?μào?μ?í¨D??D£?????μ??D?é?e?¥3é3¤á?£???óú?¨?é?£
1924?ê7??£??ü?÷à′′ó°íàè?ˉéí??1ú?£μ±ê±£?μ?ó±3?è??D12ìì?òμ??ˉ????2?3¤?£??????è??úêéD?íùà′?D??ò??-?¨?é£?μ??ü?÷à′1é1úoó?üò??ê£?è′2???óD?ú?áí?μ?ó±3???é?ò????£
1925?ê1??£????yó??úé?o£2??óμ3μ?μú??′?è?1ú′ú±í′ó?á??oó£?êü?ü?÷à′??íD£??ú·μ??±±??μ?í??D£?ì?μ??úìì?ò??3μ£?μ?μ?ó±3?è??ìμ??D£è¥?′í??y£?2¢′???á??yò?·aD?£????yó?μ??aò?′??′í?£???óú????μ??áo?£??e×???òaμ?×÷ó?£?òò′?£????y×?±?μ?ó±3?3????a?yó??ü?÷à′????μ?oì???£
p13.?ü?÷à′oíμ?ó±3?±?′??à?£?????μ?°??éò23??ú×?à??t?£1954?ê£??aoí???a??3ˉ?ê?êìaoí???′ó??è???oí???êìa£??ü?÷à′?êáì?D1ú′ú±íí?£?3??ˉá??úèeê??ùDDμ?è??úí??áòé?£?aê±1ú?ú?ò?Dμ?í¥?oà?£????Tμ?o£ì??¨?y?μê¢?a?£o£ì?£?ê??ü?÷à′×??2??μ??¨?£μ?ó±3??????1á?ò??|£?á?í??-à′ò?o?μ?ò???oìò?£?ò?í?×°?úD?·aà???è¥?£D?à??1D′μà£o?°oìò?ò???£???é??????±£?±íê?á?????μ????????é?£?ü?÷à′íDè?′???á??1??o?μ?è??úí?3???μ?é?ò??¨ó??μ1??¨£?×÷?a??oü?×è?μ?à????£?aá?μ?μ??¨oíò?oóà′×°?úò????μ?òà?±£′?×?£?3é?aò??tì?êaμ?1¤ò??·£??üê??????éé???o£μ????¤?£1960?ê£?μ?ó±3??úD-oíò??o×?ê?ê?£??y?μê?ìì£??ü?÷à′μ?íaê????ˉò?°2??μ??ú?úμ?£??T·¨3ééí?£???íè?éí±?μ?1¤×÷è??±?úê?ê???ìì2???í?ò??oè?μ?áa?μ£?ò?±???ê±?aμàê?ê?oóμ??é???£óDò?ìì£????1à?ó?è¥?ú3??óía±???±?£??3±?μ?ò??oè¥?′í??£μ?ó±3?????è?3ì??μ????ù??£??13ééíà′?′í??y£?óúD?2?èì£?·′è°??êêμ±×¢òaDY?¢£?2?òaò??y?a???£?ü?÷à′1¤×÷μ?ì?μ?ê?2?·?ê±??£?2?·?μ?μ?£?????ê±?ú?????t?£óDê±??óD×à×ó£????í?3ê???±?êéμ?£?μ?êéD′?eà′2?ì?·?±??£oóà′??·¢??ó?ò??éD?èyo?°?à′3?μ??í·?±??àá?£?′ó′?ò?oó??êòoí??óD×à×óμ?μ?·?±???·?é?ò??éD?èyo?°?£?ò?±???ê±?éó??£?ü?÷à′?ì?¥×??ú′2é?μ?×?èyo?°?£??ú?????t£?êμ?úDá?à?£ì?±eê??ú????á?£???2???oó?üê?2??a?Dμ?àíà?£??aá???é???μ?1¤×÷ì??t£?μ?ó±3??××?éè??á?ò???ò?±????¢ò?±?μí£?êêo??ü?÷à′??×??ú′2é?·ü°?1¤×÷μ?D?′2×à?£?aá?2?ê1???té¢??μ?′2é?£???éù??ó?×óê?襷?3????tμ?á|á?£??ú×à?????ü?1?óá?±??ò?£?a??×÷?a?????÷°????¤μ?D?′2×à£???3????ú?ü?÷à′éú??ê??£?1àà?áé??£
p14.1972?ê£??ü?÷à′μ?á?°??¢£?ò??±í?μ?1974?ê??2?×???ò??o?£?ú?aò??ê°??D£?μ?ó±3?2???ò???·?óê£???ìì??òaè¥?′í??ü?÷à′£?óDê±?12??óò?á?×é?ˉ?áòé£?ì?????á?·?°?£??úDèòa×÷ê?ê?ê±£?μ?ó±3?×üê?ê?oò?úê?ê?êòía±?£??±μ?é?ò1?¢áè3??-?-
p15.?ü×üàíà??aμ?ê±oò£?·¢éúá?ò??t?Dìì?ˉμ?μ?′óê??£??±?ê??°ê?à?3¤???í×üàí?±?£
ìì?ò?é?éμ?£?ó?ò?ó?à??£3¤°2??á???μ?è?DDμàé??·?úá??D??à?éù?£?·???ù3¤£?è????ù?à£??ò??í?2???í·£??ò?÷í?2????2?£è???±?é???2?×?oúé′£?D??°????×?°×?¨£????|??í?×??ü×üàíáé3μ??òa?aà′μ?·??ò?£ò????úí·ò?·¢μ?à??ì?ì£???ê???×?1??è£?±3??×?ò????ó?±ê÷£??1?±??ó?
3
?íD?μ?μè′y×??£ò????à?ê·ò??£??é·ò±×?D????ù£??T×óáì×?áù???êμ??ù×ó£??????·??á?è?DDμà£?ì?×?éí×ó??í??£ò?èoàáo??ú??μ?oìáì?í£??¥?à·?×???£??ú×???í?×?£?í?×??-?-
ò1???aê??μ??à′?£??á??°μ?3μ1yè¥ò?oó£?×üàíμ?áé3μ?o?oμ??aà′á??£áé3μ???ü1ò×?oúé?oí??é?μ?íìᤣ?é???×°ê?×?′ó°×?¨£?×ˉ??£??à???£è???D??é3áí′£???1a??×?áé3μò??ˉ?£μ±×üàíμ?áé3μ?o?o?aà′ê±£?o???óD?-?Téùμ????ó£?à?è??¢?à?ê?¢D?o¢£???2?????í?μ????±á?éíì?£??a???±×ó£???????μ?í?×?áé3μ£??T?ü×?£?1?2?μ?2áè¥èù±?μ???àá?£Dí?àè??úè?DDμàé?×·×?áé3μ±??ü?£?í?ú?aê?à?3¤??é?£??ò??μ??ü×üàíó|?í1y?àéù??à′×????T??o£μ?1ú?êó?è?£???×????÷?ˉ?ì??1y?àéù′?è???èo?ú?£è???3£3£Dò?£μ??′μ??ü×üàí£??′μ???????μ?éí??£?′è?éμ????ó?£è?????ìì£????2?2μ?ìé?úáé3μà?£???è¥????£?oí?ò??óà±eá??£áé3μ?o?oμ??°??£??£?ˉ×??íòè?μ?D??£Dí?àè??úè?DDμàé?×·×?áé3μ±??ü?£è????à?′?£í?3μ×ó?üí£??à′£?ê±???üí£??à′£??éê?áé3μ?¥?¥μ???è¥á?£?×?oó??ê?ú2??£μ?ò1é??Dá??£è????1ê????òáé3μμ?·??ò£??2?2μ???×?£???×?£?o????úμè′y?ü×üàí??à′?£
p16.×?oó£??ò??à′?′ò?D????ü×üàíμ??à???£
?°??òa?ü?÷à′?′??ò???£??í°????ùè?1yè¥á??£
?±
±ùD??μ£??°??ê???3?°?×??à£?ò2ê?μ?μ?°?×??àμ?è??£??ê?1????Díaμúò???íêè??£
?±
áooa?μ£??°±ˉ??ê??ü??′ó×üàíéíé?ò?ì?ì?μ??oè¥Dí?à±???ê?óú??μ????÷£?í?ê±ò2?ú?oá?oóè?μ?D?·???3|?£??ê?óà???T·¨??21μ?ò?o?£??aò?o?ó??ó±?×a?ˉ?aé?é?μ??????£?¥?¥?tê??t?ê1yè¥á?£?????ó?×a?ˉ?aè????üé?μ?????£?óúê?×üàíμ?è???á|á??ú?¨??£??ú?¨??£??úí????£?±
ít???·?μ£??°?ü?÷à′μ?·??è?¢?·??oí???êD?3éμ??àì?÷èá|????1y??μ?è?2úéúá??Dè?á|oí?üòyá|?£????óúí??éD?£?àí?a??è?£?é?óúoí2?í????ˉ±3?°μ?è???íù£??aò??D?áo??eà′£?ê?ê1??3é?aêà??ía???èì¨é???òaè???μ??ù′??£?±
p17.?à?êoó£?è???°à?ü×üàíμ???é?1é?á?a?°?ü?÷à′??é??±?£
p18.
?ü?÷à′??é?ê?ò???íê???¢???μ??μí3,ê?ó????ó???????¢μ?D???àí???ààà??μ?×üì?D?·?3?.?ü×÷?aò???????μ??¢?ê????¢àí????μ?D???à¨,ê??aá????ü?÷à′?¨ê÷μ?×???1|???¢3????3???°??μ?×÷ó?á|?¢ó°?ìá|×÷3?μ?D?μ??¢?üé?2?′?μ?×ü?áoí??à¨.
p19.?£í?í¨1y?òμ??ééü£?í?????éò????ü×üàíóDò????üé??ìμ?è?ê??£×?oó£?è??ò??×??ü?ü×üàí£?áì?ò?°?ü?÷à′??é??±£??ù′′?ü?÷à′°à??£?è??ò??μ?éíé?颷¢?D1úè?μ?°á??£??a×?1úμ??′à′·¢·üí????£
p20.D?D?′ó?ò?£
4?a??£o′′?¨?ü?÷à′°à_?÷ìa°à?á
′′?ü?÷à′°à?÷ìa°à?á
′ó?òo?£?????óé?òà′?òμ¥?ééü?ü×üàíμ?éú???£
?ü?÷à′(1898??1976)£?×??èó?£???ó????éoàμè£????-éüD?è??£?D1ú?T2ú?×?????ü?ò?¢?t???ò?¢?üê??òoíía???ò£??D1ú122úμ3oí?D?aè???12oí1úμ??÷òaáìμ?è?£??D1úè????a·??üμ?′′?¨è???ò??£
1917?êìì?ò???a?D£±?òμoó£?á??è?±??£1919?ê??1ú?£???????ˉ?D£??úìì?ò×é?ˉ???òé?£?′óê?·′μ??¢·′·a?¨μ????ü???ˉ?£1920?ê襷¨1ú?ú1¤?ó?£?·¢?e×é?ˉ???·?D1úéù?ê122úμ3?£1921?ê?óè??D1ú122úμ3£?è??à?êí????·?2?êé???¢?D12???·?2?áìμ?è??£1924?ê??1ú?£1927?ê8??1è?áìμ?á???2y?eò??£1949?ê?D?aè???12oí1ú3éá¢oó£?ò??±μ£è??t??×üàí£???è?1yía??2?3¤£¨2¢è??D12?D???ü?ˉ?±?÷?ˉ£?è?1ú?tD-?±?÷?ˉ?¢?÷?ˉ?£ê??D12μú???ì?D???t?????ˉ?±£?μúáù?ì?D???t????3£?ˉ£?μú???ì?D???t?????ˉ?±??êé??′|êé??£?μú???ì?D???t????3£?ˉ£?μú°??ì?¢μúê??ì?D???ˉ?±?á?±?÷?ˉ£?μè?°???£
?????ò??à′á??aò????ü×üàíμ?è?éú??±ê?£?ü×üàí??°??a?ùò????°×÷?a·ü?·μ??ˉá|£o?°?ò2???μ?óü£??-??μ?óü£?
?±???úè?óDDí?àè?3£°??a???°1ò?ú×ì±??£ê?μ?£??ü×üàí?úμ?óüà??ü?èá?è??D1ú?£?ú?????D???a×??o????á?ò?ì?×??è??×?í′?àμ?μà?·£oèìèè?o??£?òòê?à?μ?£?íì??à?óú?′μ1£?·?′ó??óú?????£?-òòê???òaμ?2?ê??àê·á???£???ê?±£×??a??1ú?ò?£ê?êμ?¤?÷£???×?μ?á??£
?????ò??à′×ü?áò????ü×üàíμ?3é?í?£¢ùê÷á¢?e1????Día??ò?óa??μ?è?????·??£¢úó???μ???ó?ò??e?¨á¢?e?°′óμ??D?aè???12oí1ú?£¢??ú?????D???é?üμ?±£?¤???ü±£?¤μ?è?£???3?×??D1úμ??-??ó?1ú?êμ????£
1972?ê£??ü?÷à′μ?á?°??¢£?ò??±í?μ?1974?ê??2?×???ò??o?£?ú?aò??ê°??D£?μ?ó±3?2???ò???·?óê£???ìì??òaè¥?′í??ü?÷à′£?óDê±?12??óò?á?×é?ˉ?áòé£?ì?????á?·?°?£??úDèòa×÷ê?ê?ê±£?μ?ó±3?×üê?ê?oò?úê?ê?êòía±?£??±μ?é?ò1?¢áè3???
1
?ü×üàíà??aμ?ê±oò£?·¢éúá?ò??t?Dìì?ˉμ?μ?′óê??£??±?ê??°ê?à?3¤??
?í×üàí?±?£
ìì?ò?é?éμ?£?ó?ò?ó?à??£3¤°2??á???μ?è?DDμàé??·?úá??D??à?éù?£?·???ù3¤£?è????ù?à£??ò??í?2???í·£??ò?÷í?2????2?£è???±?é???2?×?oúé′£?D??°????×?°×?¨£????|??í?×??ü×üàíáé3μ??òa?aà′μ?·??ò?£ò????úí·ò?·¢μ?à??ì?ì£???ê???×?1??è£?±3??×?ò????ó?±ê÷£??1?±??ó??íD?μ?μè′y×??£ò????à?ê·ò??£??é·ò±×?D????ù£??T×óáì×?áù???êμ??ù×ó£??????·??á?è?DDμà£?ì?×?éí×ó??í??£ò?èoàáo??ú??μ?oìáì?í£??¥?à·?×???£??ú×???í?×?£?í?×???
ò1???aê??μ??à′?£??á??°μ?3μ1yè¥ò?oó£?×üàíμ?áé3μ?o?oμ??aà′á??£áé3μ???ü1ò×?oúé?oí??é?μ?íìᤣ?é???×°ê?×?′ó°×?¨£?×ˉ??£??à???£è???D??é3áí′£???1a??×?áé3μò??ˉ?£μ±×üàíμ?áé3μ?o?o?aà′ê±£?o???óD?-?Téùμ????ó£?à?è??¢?à?ê?¢D?o¢£???2?????í?μ????±á?éíì?£??a???±×ó£???????μ?í?×?áé3μ£??T?ü×?£?1?2?μ?2áè¥èù±?μ???àá?£Dí?àè??úè?DDμàé?×·×?áé3μ±??ü?£?í?ú?aê?à?3¤??é?£??ò??μ??ü×üàíó|?í1y?àéù??à′×????T??o£μ?1ú?êó?è?£???×????÷?ˉ?ì??1y?àéù′?è???èo?ú?£è???3£3£Dò?£μ??′μ??ü×üàí£??′μ???????μ?éí??£?′è?éμ????ó?£è?????ìì£????2?2μ?ìé?úáé3μà?£???è¥????£?oí?ò??óà±eá??£áé3μ?o?oμ??°??£??£?ˉ×??íòè?μ?D??£Dí?àè??úè?DDμàé?×·×?áé3μ±??ü?£è????à?′?£í?3μ×ó?üí£??à′£?ê±???üí£??à′£??éê?áé3μ?¥?¥μ???è¥á?£?×?oó??ê?ú2??£μ?ò1é??Dá??£è????1ê????òáé3μμ?·??ò£??2?2μ???×?£???×?£?o????úμè′y?ü×üàí??à′?£
×?oó£??ò??à′?′ò?D????ü×üàíμ??à???£
?°??òa?ü?÷à′?′??ò???£??í°????ùè?1yè¥á??£
?±
±ùD??μ£??°??ê???3?°?×??à£?ò2ê?μ?μ?°?×??àμ?è??£??ê?1????Díaμú
ò???íêè??£
?±
2
áooa?μ£??°±ˉ??ê??ü??′ó×üàíéíé?ò?ì?ì?μ??oè¥Dí?à±???ê?óú??μ???
?÷£?í?ê±ò2?ú?oá?oóè?μ?D?·???3|?£??ê?óà???T·¨??21μ?ò?o?£??aò?o?ó??ó±?×a?ˉ?aé?é?μ??????£?¥?¥?tê??t?ê1yè¥á?£?????ó?×a?ˉ?aè????üé?μ?????£?óúê?×üàíμ?è???á|á??ú?¨??£??ú?¨??£??úí????£?±
ít???·?μ£??°?ü?÷à′μ?·??è?¢?·??oí???êD?3éμ??àì?÷èá|????1y??μ?
è?2úéúá??Dè?á|oí?üòyá|?£????óúí??éD?£?àí?a??è?£?é?óúoí2?í????ˉ±3?°
μ?è???íù£??aò??D?áo??eà′£?ê?ê1??3é?aêà??ía???èì¨é???òaè???μ??ù′??£?±
?à?êoó£?è???°à?ü×üàíμ???é?1é?á?a?°?ü?÷à′??é??±?£
?ü?÷à′??é?ê?ò???íê???¢???μ??μí3,ê?ó????ó???????¢μ?D???àí
???ààà??μ?×üì?D?·?3?.?ü×÷?aò???????μ??¢?ê????¢àí????μ?D???à¨,ê??aá????ü?÷à′?¨ê÷μ?×???1|???¢3????3???°??μ?×÷ó?á|?¢ó°?ìá|×÷3?μ?D?μ??¢?üé?2?′?μ?×ü?áoí??à¨.
?£í?í¨1y?òμ??ééü£?í?????éò????ü×üàíóDò????üé??ìμ?è?ê??£×?oó£?è??ò??×??ü?ü×üàí£?áì?ò?°?ü?÷à′??é??±£??ù′′?ü?÷à′°à??£?è??ò??μ?éíé?颷¢?D1úè?μ?°á??£??a×?1úμ??′à′·¢·üí????£
D?D?′ó?ò?£