初三年级英语总复习计划 本文关键词:英语,总复习,计划
初三年级英语总复习计划 本文简介:初三年级英语总复习计划第一部分:分类复习和答题技巧第二部分:综合练习与查缺补漏第三部分:答疑解惑及自主学习第一部分:分类复习和答题技巧分类复习是系统的将初中阶段学生所学的知识进行归类。比如说,冠词;名词;代词;数词;形容词和副词;介词和连词;非谓语动词;宾语从句和间接引语;状语从句和主谓语时态的呼应
初三年级英语总复习计划 本文内容:
初三年级英语总复习计划
第一部分:分类复习和答题技巧
第二部分:综合练习与查缺补漏
第三部分:答疑解惑及自主学习
第一部分:分类复习和答题技巧
分类复习是系统的将初中阶段学生所学的知识进行归类。比如说,冠词;名词;代词;数词;形容词和副词;介词和连词;非谓语动词;宾语从句和间接引语;状语从句和主谓语时态的呼应;定语从句,动词的时态和语态等等。
这些语法知识学生在初中阶段已经接触过,在复习时可以根据学生平时掌握的程度适当的调整教学进度。浅显易懂的地方可以加快复习速度。容易出错的地方或较难的地方速度稍微放慢一些。
(一)
冠词
冠词是英语中使用频率最高的一类词。在阅读中冠词无处不在,在书面表达中,冠词需频繁使用。冠词的使用有一定的规则,但灵活多变和固定搭配的情况较多,因此正确掌握冠词不容易。由于冠词是典型的限定词,本身不能单独使用,只能附在一个名词前帮助说明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有定冠词the
和不定冠词a(an)和零冠词。
定冠词the
表示名词为特定者。相当于“this,these,that,those”的意思,但较弱。在可数名词单、复数前和不可数名词前都可以用:the
book,the
books,the
water。
不定冠词
a
(an)只用在可数名词单数前:a
bok,a
piece
of
paper,a
useful
book,;an
apple,an
hour。
零冠词(不用冠词):英语中还有不少情况,名词前既不用定冠词,也不用不定冠词。这种现象,称为零冠词。由于汉语中没有冠词的概念,加之冠词的使用比较灵活,因此学生们在学习英语中,很容易出现冠词错误。
(二)
名词
名词在句子中主要作主语、宾语和表语。英语中的名词很有几个特点是汉语中没有的。
名词分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词分为下列四类:
个体名词:teacher,house,day,…
集体名词:people,family,police,…
物质名词:
water,paper,tea,air,gold,bread,milk.
抽象名词:health,peace,friendship,youth,knowledge.
专有名词表示个别的人、事物、地点专有的名称,第一个字母要大写。如:Mary,China,the
Great
Wall,the
Spring
Festival.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词:个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词。
不可数名词:物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。
名词的重点是名词复数的变化和名词的格。
在名词复数的变化中特别要注意以o结尾的,加es的情况:
可以把它编成顺口溜:英雄喜欢吃西红柿和土豆,heroes
like
eating
tomatoes
and
potaoes.这样学生一下子就记住了。
(三)
代词
英语中的代词有人称代词、物质代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词和连接代词。人称代词有主格、宾格;物主代词又分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两类。由于汉语中的代词没有这么复杂,因此学生使用英语中的代词时容易出错。
可以用编口诀之类的方法来记忆。(幻灯片播放巧记代词的口诀)。
(四)
数词
在复习数词的时候要注意:
1)基数词和序数词的区别:one,two,three,first,second,third
2)准确的数和“数以…计”
的区别:two
hundred,hundreds
of
3)准确的数和“…的…”的区别:three
thousand
words,ninety
years
od,five
meters
long
Three-
thousand
–world,ninety-year-old,five
–meter-long
4)准确的数和年代的区别:1999(one
thousand,nine
hundred
and
ninety)(nineteen
ninety-nine)
5)
分数:one
third,two
thirds,a
half,a
quarter,three
quarters.
6)20世纪90年代(1990s);在他50
多岁时(in
his
fifties)
(五)
形容词和副词
形容词用来修饰名词和代词,表示任何事物的性质和特征。副词用来修饰动词、形容词、副词。不少副词是adj+ly
组成的。
1)
形容词、副词兼有的词:well,(adi,身体好;adv,很好地),hard(adj,硬的;困难的;努力地),
fast(adj,快的;adv,快地),early(adj,早的;adv.早地),late(adj,迟的;迟),loud(adj,高声的;adv,高声),nearby(adj,附近的,adv,在附近),straight(adj,直的,adv,直地),high(adj,高的,adv,高);pretty(可爱的,漂亮的,adv,相当)。
2)
半系动词+形容词
Look
/sound/smell/taste/feel+adj
3)hardly不是hard
的副词。Hardly
是“几乎不”的意思;作形容词用是“硬的”、“难的”的意思。做副词用时“努力地”的意思。
4)daily,lovely,friendly(n+ly)等是形容词,不是副词。
(六)
介词
介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词还可和不少动词和形容词固定搭配形成动词短语和形容词短语。按介词的意思,介词可以分成:
1)
表示时间的介词:after,at,
before,between,by,during,for,from…to…,in,on,….
2)
表示方位的介词:at,in,along,on,to,towards,into,onto,behind,in
front
of,in
the
front
of,…
3)
表示方式的介词:by
bus,in
English,with
a
pen,like
his
mother,a
friend
of
mine,4)
介词短语在句子中主要作三种成分:
a.
介词短语作状语:We
usually
do
our
homework
in
the
evening.
b.
介词短语作表语:They
are
in
the
classroom
.
c.
介词短语作定语:The
people
in
the
meeting
room
are
all
teachers.
(七)
连词
英语中有单句、并列句和主从复合句三种结构。单句是基础,并列句和复合句由两个以上的单句构成。连词是并列句和复合句必不可少的一类词,可见掌握连词的重要性。
1)
并列连词
2)
从属连词
3)
特别注意几个常用并列连词的区别:
Both…and….其后谓语通常用复数,not
only…but
also强调的是but
also
之后部分。
4)
就近原则:either…or,neither…nor
5)
就远原则:as
well
as,with.
(八)从句
主要讲“定语从句”。
“定语从句”在讲解时可以把它归类,比如,哪些要用“that”,哪些要不用that,而用which,who,
whom的情况。在非限制性定语从句中,指事物用which,指人用who或whom。在介词后面,指事物用which,指人用whom。名词/代词/数词+
of
+
which/whom。
如何判断介词:1.看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配.
2.看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配。
3.根据先行词判断所用的介词与先行词搭配。(幻灯片播放)
(九)时态
时态分主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态主要让学生掌握八个时态的时间状语以及关键词。
第二部分
综合练习与查缺补漏
在这一部分复习的过程中,教师可以把各个题型先单独训练然后再进行综合,然后对于练习中出现的问题进行及时订正,特别是普遍性错误。要在课堂上作为重点进行讲解。
(一)
口语听力训练
口语听力题型是今年新改的题型,在训练的时候可以着重训练第三、第四和第五题。因为第一题很简单,第二题可以和解释句子一起训练。第三题,请你根据实际情况和所提供的情境完成对话。教师平时在口语课上可以给学生创设一个场景,然后让学生进行对话练习,前期训练时可以让学生自己编对话,到后期时进行提高,可以在原来对话的基础上创设出3个特殊疑问句并给出答案。这样学生的水平就上升到一个高度。学生的回答可以是简单句,一个单词,一个词组都可以。
第四题听短文回答问题,在训练的时候,要告诉学生应该注意的事项:
1.要作好良好的心理准备.考试前,对听力测试要有自信心,态度要沉着,以便进入最佳应试状态.调整好心理状态,心情要平静,精神要饱满,注意力要集中,否则平时听力不错的同学也会发挥不出实际水平。
2.学会抓住文章的关键字.听整段文章或对话时,要重视其中的4W,即Who(人物),Where(地点),When(时间),与What(活动)等。在这四个要素中,学生往往不太重视人名,这是十分错误的。比如听对话理解:
Where
did
you
do
yesterday
evening,Mary?I
looked
for
you
everywhere.
Sorry,Tom.
I
went
shopping
with
my
mother
then.
这段话的关键线索是:玛丽购物,汤姆四处寻找,只有在听清人名的前提下,才能有把握地回答出:Where
did
Mary
do
yesterday
evening?的问题。有些常见的英美人名如:Mike,Mary,Ann,Rose,Peter,John,Joe,Joan等,既要弄清其确切的发音,还要弄清是男性还是女性。又如:听力测试中,常常会出现一些数字及有关名词,如hundred(百),hours(钟点),prices(价目),size(尺码)等,这些均需要应试人特别留意。数词中,较容易混淆的有;十几与几十,如sixteen与sixty.以及千以上的数字,学生往往反应较慢,训练时必须抓住hundred,thousand和million这些关键词,使一听到twenty-four
thousand,便能反应出两万四千。
3.
正确处理听音过程中的生词.
当听到生词或已经忘记了的词时,千万别将思维停留在这个词上,老是在想它到底是哪个字、是什么意思,而应让它过去,然后集中注意力听后面的内容。否则前面的没抓住,后面的又跑掉。特别是听短文回答问题更是如此,要抓住整体内容。实际上,个别生词并不一定会影响我们对全句、全文的理解,有时候你会通过上下文推测其意义。千万别让个别生词影响对全句、全段的理解。
4.养成良好的听音习惯
不要边听边“心译“.心译是十分有害的习惯,如听一段含A、B、C、D四句的文章,若你听完句后,心译A句为汉语,那么你会错过B句的前半部分;因为录音中A句念完后,不会停留太长的时间。同学们在平时听音时就应戒除心译习惯。
5.学会做简单的笔记
在测试时,有时一次需要听的内容较长,要点难以一下子全部记住,学生可边听边作一些十分简单的记忆.记录且记面面俱到,只须记下少数关系词.记法也不必很正规,可以采用缩写字母,汉字,甚至于用只有你一个人懂的符号来记。在听短文填词时,由于语速较快,学生很难同步记下听到的每个需要填写的单词.可不妨先在草稿纸上写出相关单词的第一个字母,然后再设法逐一眷正。学会记简单的笔记对于回答文章有关的问题会有很大帮助。
第五题,看图说话
由于看图说话是听力口语考试中最难得一道题,学生平时如果没有进行充分的训练,那么学生在考试时就会出现卡带现象。在训练时,要交给学生,先看清图的内容,确定时态,人称,地点,事件。还要先弄清楚文章的开头和结尾。比如:皮特昨天在回家的路上,在地上发现了一块手表,它把表捡起来了,他问谁的表,可是没人回答,最后他把表交给了警察。根据这个场景,可以确定文章用过去时态,然后结尾可以用感叹句结尾。
Peter
went
to
school
by
bike
Yesterday,on
his
way
to
school
he
found
a
watch
on
the
ground….,…What
a
kind
boy
he
is!
(二)
单项选择
单项选择里面包括了很多词类和从句,固定搭配,习惯用语等。因此在训练时要注意在出训练题时,除了要把基础知识和容易出错的题练到外,还要反复强调那些重点和难点的知识点。消除知识盲点。
(三)
完型填空
完型填空是语言综合能力考查题。在初中英语中考中,考生在这一题上失分率很高。近几年深圳市“中考说明”强调完型填空“重点考查考生对短文上下文的理解”。在10个选项中,选择能符合上下文语境和意义要求的选项。题材以故事性题材居多,还有科普小品、文化、体育、风土人情、人物、史地等。命题注重语境性和综合性。中考完型填空的命题特点为:
1.
)设空以考查文章为主,信息词汇(名词、动词、形容词和副词)比重较大。也有考查连词的题,考查考生对行文逻辑的掌握及文句之间关联的理解。
2.
)降低对单词本身词义的考查要求,以突出本题的主要测试目的:理解全文,通篇考虑,掌握大意,注意关联。
3.
)注意结合文章考查对词语用法的掌握,主要涉及两个方面:词义辨析与惯用搭配。同义词与近义词的比较分辨应当放到一定的语境之中才有意义,才能分辨出他们的细微差别。
4.
)题目的类型可以分为:
a.
语言知识型,比如各种语法规则、句型、句式等,测试单词在一定的语境下的基本用法、习惯用法、常用搭配以及对其词义的记忆或其特定意义的理解和运用。
b.
判断推理型,考查对篇章的整体理解、上下文段落的衔接、逻辑思维与推力能力。
c.
综合型,即对知识和能力综合的考察。
解题方法建议;
1.
通读全文,掌握大意。
由于完型填空属障碍性阅读,所以抓住文章的首句(首段)和尾句(尾段),对把握文章的主旨大意很有帮助,首先看一下文章的首句和尾句,使自己心中对全文有个大概的印象,然后再去通读全文。注意力要集中在文章的主线(或中心词)、了解文章内容,从而确定进行推断、选择的基本思路。如果一开始就忙于见一个空填一个空,势必无法从整体上把握全文概要,造成顾此失彼,既影响准确率,也影响做题速度。
2.
综合考虑,逐项填空。
综合考虑指的是根据全文大意和词不离文的原则,把上下文的意思、句法结构、词类和语法功能、惯用法、逻辑推理、常识等各种因素加以综合考虑,仔细推敲。要准确判断出题目的类型。语法知识类较多地表现为动词时态、语态的选用;词语知识方面的题目要从词性、词形区分,同义词语辨析、习惯搭配、习惯用语、结构词选择等方面考虑;情景推理题要注意跳出句子层次,注意句间的结构,意义上的连接和照应关系,有时还应在段与段之间、情节与情节之间或更大范围内上下文照应,因此对短文的总体把握对每一格空的正确解答非常重要。
3.
复读全文,消除疏漏。
全部题目初步完成之后,要把全文复读一遍,复读时根据语感和对全篇文章的理解,检查全文是否前后贯通,再次将不合意的答案调整或修改;如果实在无法确定,可以作推理性猜测,不可放弃不填。
(四)
阅读
中考英语“阅读理解”题主要考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力,包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力。在中考的阅读理解中应注意以下几个问题:
1)
了解阅读理解的命题特点
2)
熟悉阅读理解答题步骤
3)
掌握阅读理解的解题技巧
从近几年的中考试卷来看,中考英语主要考查以下几个方面:
1)
考查文章的主旨和大意的能力。
Which
is
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
Which
of
the
following
is
this
passage
about?
In
this
passage
the
writer
tries
to
tell
us
that____
The
passage
tells
us
that____
This
passage
mainly
talks
about______
如何获取段落的主旨和大意?最有效的办法是找出主题句,这对理解整段文章很有帮助。一般情况下主题句常在段落的开头,即作者先点出中心思想,然后再作进一步的拓展。有的主题句出现在段落末尾,即作者先列举一些事实或论据,然后才把中心思想点出来。如果没有明显的主题句,就只能在充分阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章作出归纳、概括才能得出。但要注意不能断章取义、就事论事,而要透彻理解、明晰作者的意图。
2)
考查学生把握文章的事实和细节的能力
在阅读理解中,有相当一部份是考查细节和事实的题目,这类题目相对容易一些。其主要提问方式是:
Which
of
the
following
is
wright?
Which
of
the
following
is
not
mentioned?
Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
true
in
the
passage?
Choose
the
right
order
of
this
passage
From
this
passage
we
know______
解此题时要注意掌握细节内容。细节内容用于说明和解析中心思想,为中心思想提供例证、数据、事实、解释和定义等。有时,细节还包括时间、地点、任务、原因等。这些题有两个共同的特点:
a.凡属针对特定细节的考题,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分。这一部分可能是一个词或短语,也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子,但句式、用词和表达方式不同。
b.干扰项往往是主题思想与细节混淆,正确答案细节和非正式答案的细节混杂。因此,要做好阅读理解中确定细节和事实的题目,一定要在文章中找出相应的信息点,二要排除干扰项。
3)考查学生根据上下文推测生词含义或句义的能力
阅读中不可避免地会遇到一些生词(有些是熟词生义),疑难语句。此类题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词、短语或句子的准确含义。其主要提问方式是:
The
world
“”
in
the
passage
probably
means_______
The
underlined
word“”in
the
passage
refers
to_____
In
this
story
the
underlined
world
“”
means______
Here
“”means______-
The
meaning
of
the
underlined
phrase
“”
is
_______
4)
考查学生依据短文内容和应有的常识进行逻辑推断的能力。
所谓推断,就是根据材料中所提供的信息,推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分,从中推出未知部分。根据推断的有关文字可能是词或句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文。此类题目文章中没有明确的答案,需要考生在理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是:
We
can
guess
th
writer
of
the
letter
may
be
a
______
According
to
the
passage
we
can
infer
that_______
The
writer
suggests
that
______
From
the
story
the
writer
believes
that______
The
writer
writes
this
text
to______
解此类题时,首先要在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字,然后加以分析,悟出字里行间的意思,有时需要仔细阅读全文才能体会出作者的意图和态度。
19
篇2:自考现代英语语法学习笔记-名词和名词短语1
自考现代英语语法学习笔记-名词和名词短语1 本文关键词:名词,短语,自考,学习笔记,英语语法
自考现代英语语法学习笔记-名词和名词短语1 本文简介:名词和名词短语(2)限定词和属格练习1定义4.1限定词Determiner在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指,类指以及表示数量等限定的词。Determinersrefertothewordswhichareusedinthepre-modificationofanounphrasewhichtypica
自考现代英语语法学习笔记-名词和名词短语1 本文内容:
名词和名词短语(2)
限定词和属格
练习1
定义
4.1
限定词
Determiner
在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指,类指以及表示数量等限定的词。
Determiners
refer
to
the
words
which
are
used
in
the
pre-modification
of
a
noun
phrase
which
typically
precede
any
adj.
that
pre-modify
the
head
word.
A
nice
man.
(a:
determiner,nice:
adjective)
练习2
考点1
限定词和形容词区别
Difference
between
Determiner
and
Adjective
1.
前置限定,限定词在形容词前面.Determiner
usually
precede
adj.
in
pre-modification.
A
nice
man.
(a:
determiner,nice:
adjective)
2.
限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。
The
choice
of
Determiner
is
determined
by
the
head
word
but
not
that
of
adj.
A
good
man.
Not
these
good
man.
(should
be
these
good
men)
3.
形容词表明中心词的特征,而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。
Adj.
describe
the
head
word
by
showing
its
characteristic
while
determiner
determine
the
head
word
by
identifying
or
quantifying.
Many
Good
The
useful
Books.
My
old
4.
形容词可位于中心词后,而限定词不可。
Adj.
can
post-modify
the
head
word
but
not
Determiner.
5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few,little,many
much外)
。
Adj.
has
comparative
form
but
not
Determiner(except
few,little,many
much).
定义
4.1.2
Co-occurrence
of
Determiners
Determiner
may
co-occurrence
in
the
pre-modification
of
a
noun
phrase:
two
or
more
determiner
may
modify
one
and
the
same
head
word.
Each
determiner
takes
a
fixed
position,we
identify
their
relative
positions
in
the
case
of
co-occurrence.
前位限定Pre-Determiner
中位限定
Central
Determiner
后位限定Post
Determiner
All,Both
Half,Double
Twice,Three
times
…
One-third,Two-thirds…
What
Such
many
A,The
This,That,These,Those
My,your,his…
John’s…(Genitive)
Any,Some,No
Each,Every,Either,Neither,What
Which(ever),Whose(ever)
One,Two,Three…
First,Second,Third….
Next,Last,Few,Many,Much
Another,Other,Several
Such
练习3,4
考点2
Pre-determiners
and
Central
Determiners
are
mutually
exclusive,that
is
in
one
and
the
same
Noun
Phrase,there
could
be
only
one
Pre-determiner
and
Central
Determiner,however,Post-Determiners
are
not
mutually
exclusive.
All
the
other
students.
(Pre
+
Central
+
Post
)
All
the
other
three
students.
(
Pre
+
Central
+Post
+
Post
)
考点3
4.1.3
Usage
of
some
Determiners
All
and
Whole
(difference)
1.
All强调个体中的每一个,某种程度上与every相似。
She
would
work
12
hours
a
day
all
the
year
long.
1.
Whole更注重于整体。
Whole
regiments
surrendered
to
the
enemy.
2.
All修饰一个表示地方的短语时,一般指“所有住在那的人”,
All
the
village
was
excited
at
the
news.(=the
whole
village)
2.
Whole根据原文一般指指居民或者地方本身作为一个整体存在。
The
whole
village
was
flooded,3.
修饰专有名词时语法的区别。特别是地名。
All
Newcastle
was
excited
at
the
news.
3.
修饰专有名词时语法的区别。特别是地名。
The
whole
of
Newcastle
was
excited
at
the
news.
All
and
Both
All
修饰2部分以上组成的个体。
Both
修饰的个体由2部分组成
All,Every,Each
All
侧重于整个group
All
the
boys
enjoyed
themselves
at
the
party.
(全局)
Every指Group中的个体
Every
boy
enjoyed
himself
at
the
party.
(全局中的个体)
Each则侧重于单独的个体。
Each
boy
got
one
present
at
the
party.
(个体)
Both,Each,Either
Both
强调2个一起
Each,Either当表明2个中的每一个的时候
both
sides
There
are
shops
on
Each
side
of
the
street.
Either
side
Any,Either,No
(None),Neither
Any,No
(None)
refer
to
a
group
of
more
than
2.
Either
and
Neither
refer
to
a
group
of
2.
定义
4.1.4
Article
冠词
As
a
determiner,it
pre-modifies
a
head
noun,in
the
English
Language,there
are
two
articles:
Definite
article
定冠词“the”
and
indefinite
article
不定冠词“An”.
The
Two
terms
indicate
some
of
the
semantic
implication
of
the
article
usage.
练习5
泛指和特指定义
Generic
reference
vs.
Specific
reference:
Generic
reference
denotes
class
membership
and
it
can
also
refer
to
a
class
as
a
whole,it’s
realized
by
a
singular
countable
noun
that
goes
with
an
indefinite
article
a(n),or
with
definite
article
“the”
or
a
plural
countable
noun
goes
without
an
article.
e.g.
The
panda
is
a
rare
animal.
Specific
reference
can
be
made
either
in
a
definite
way
or
in
an
indefinite
way,definite
specific
reference
identifies
the
referent
in
question
and
is
realized
by
a
noun
with
a
definite
article
“the”.
Indefinite
specific
reference
points
to
a
particular,actual
example
of
the
class,realized
by
a
singular
countable
noun
with
“a”.
e.g.
A
dog
charged
me
yesterday
when
I
was
on
my
way
home.
练习6
Definite
article
+
Generic
reference
The
panda
is
a
rare
animal.
Indefinite
Article
+
Specific
Reference
A
god
charge
me
when
I
was
on
my
way
home
last
night.不定冠词
A(n)
Indefinite
Article
“A(n)”
Main
function:
to
indicate
class
membership.
typically
used
with
singular
countable
noun,refer
to
a
class
as
a
whole.
1.
当专有名词或者不可数作为一种可数名词的分来来讲的话,前面可加A
He
looks
forward
to
owning
a
Benz.
2.
职业,工作为补语的名词需要不定冠词修饰。
John
is
a
writer.
3.
仅可一个人担任的职业名词不需要不定冠词的修饰。
He
was
selected
chairman
of
the
committee.
As
president
of
the
United
State…定冠词
The
Definite
Article
“The”
The
Definite
Article
“The”
不需要加定冠词“The”的情况
需要加定冠词“The”的情况
1.
公共机构在习惯性表达里不需要冠词。
They
go
to
church
every
Sunday.
1.
指公共机构本身的建筑时,用The
(bed,class,table,town
etc.用法相同)
The
church
was
pulled
down
for
a
new
and
bigger
one.
2.体育运动不需要加定冠词
Play
basketball/
football/
tennis…
2.
指某人有能力弹奏某乐器时用
“the”
Play
the
Piano/
Guitar/
Cello/
Violin
3.
by
后面接交通工具名词时不加“the”
By
taxi/
by
bus/
by
plan/
by
train
3.
当一些指独立事物或者人物的名词表示某些“特定的系统或服务“的时候,要加”the”
Ring
for
the
taxi
if
it’s
raining.
How
long
does
it
take
on
the
bus?
4.
季节名词前一般不加“the”
Why
don’t
you
go
in
summer?
4.
除了特指的某一时间的某一季节,
The
summer
of
1995…
5.
指“某一时间点”的时候不加
At
dawn/
At
sunrise/
At
night
5.
指“某一时间段”的时候可用定冠词
In
the
morning/
During
the
afternoon
(for)
6.
复数可数名词泛指时,不加定冠词。
不可数名词用法相同。
Pandas
are
rare
animal.
(泛指)
The
desk
is
made
of
mahogany.
(泛指)
6.特指时需要加定冠词。
With
the
Pandas
(特指)
The
desk
is
made
of
the
mahogany
from
Thailand.(特指)Proper
noun
专有名词除了一下几种情况,一般不加定冠词
1.
复数名字前加“the”指
“…一家人”
The
Greens/
The
Johns
2.
海洋,河流,海峡,山脉等地理专有名词前要加“the”
The
Mediterranean/
The
Alps…/
The
pacific/
The
Nile
3.
普通名词组成的组织名词
The
United
Kingdom/
The
State
Department…
4.
某些特定的酒店,餐厅,剧院,电影院,博物馆,画廊要加“the”
The
Grand
Station/
The
British
museum/The
Gourmont
5.
有限制性说明的专有名词
The
21st
century
China/
The
London
in
Dickens’
novels
6.
名牌,
作品要加“the”
Why
don’t
you
hang
the
Picasso
on
the
wall?Special
Usage
of
“the”
The
+
Adj.
表示一类人
The
Pool
穷人
The
old
老人
The
ugly
丑陋的人
4.2
Genitives
属格/
所有格
考点4
4.2.2
Genitives
vs.
of
–
phrase
Comparison
between
Genitives
and
Of
-
phrase
Genitives
Of
phrase
Interchangeable
when:
1.
Geographical
Proper
noun,nouns
referring
to
Place,Institutions.
2.
Collective
nouns.
1.
Animate
noun,especially
People
The
boy’s
advise/
Mary’s
dress
2.
Can
be
used
with
first
name.
Jake’s
car
3.
The
relationship
of
the
2
nouns
are
Definition,classification.
Men’s
clothes/
Teacher’s
book
4.
Nouns
denoting
Time:
three
years’
time
5.
Idiomatic
combinations.
A
pound’s
worth/
A
arm’s
length.
1.
Inanimate
noun,lifeless
object.
The
color
of
the
car/
the
arrival
of
the
train
2.
Used
with
full
names.
The
passport
of
John
Smith
3.
Possession.
Clothes
of
mine
4.
Used
with
classifying
adj.
The
welfare
of
the
poor
练习7
The
experience
of
the
old.
4.2.5
Group
Genitive
集体属格
考点5
The
Group
genitive
is
a
term
that
refers
to
the
genitive
formed
by
adding“‘s”to
the
last
element
of
a
post-modified
or
coordinated
noun
phrase.
e.g.
:
Someone
else’s
car
An
hour
and
a
half’s
test**但是当名词短语包含1.“无论是限定或者非限定的后置修饰定语”时,2.
名词前置修饰过长3.前置修饰会引起歧义时
不可以用集体属格。(这时可以用
of
Phrase)
e.g.:
The
man
I
know’s
car
(Wrong!!!)
The
man
with
the
dog’s
food
(Wrong!!!)
考点6
Local
Genitive
地点属格
The
genitive
is
sometimes
used
alone
without
a
following
noun,Nouns
used
in
local
genitive
are
invariable
nouns
referring
to
persons
and
denoting
residence,public
buildings,place
where
business
is
conducted.
1.
Well
known
buildings.
St.
Paul’s
(Cathedral)
2.
店名.
The
backer’s
/
the
grocer’s
…
3.
名词或者名词表示“某人家”
We
are
having
dinner
at
my
aunt’s
tonight.
考点6
4.2.5
Double
Genitive
双重属格
Also
referred
to
as
“post
genitive”,it’s
a
combination
of
the
genitive
and
of
–phrase.
练习8
1.
The
second
noun
in
the
double
genitive
construction
almost
always
refers
to
person,never
object.
1.双重属格结构中的第二个名词一定是指人,不可指物。
A
friend
of
my
father’s.
A
window
of
the
house’s
(WRONG!!!)
2.
the
first
noun
usually
has
indefinite
reference
and
the
second
noun
is
always
definite.
2第一个名词前一般是不定冠词,而第二个名词前一般是定冠词。(Have
exceptions)
A
friend
of
my
brother’s.
Exception:
the
first
noun
is
premodified
by
a
demonstrative
or
postmodified
by
a
relative
clause.
That
friend
of
my
brother’s.
指示代词
The
friend
of
Bob’s
who
was
here
last
night.
篇3:初一英语上海牛津版Unit2语法总结复习therebe结构
初一英语上海牛津版Unit2语法总结复习therebe结构 本文关键词:牛津,上海,语法,复习,结构
初一英语上海牛津版Unit2语法总结复习therebe结构 本文简介:课题名称初一英语上海牛津版Unit2语法总结复习therebe结构教学目标同步教学知识内容Unit2语法总结复习个性化学习问题解决therebe结构教学重点therebe结构教学难点therebe结构讲与练教学内容I名词三.名词的普通格作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定
初一英语上海牛津版Unit2语法总结复习therebe结构 本文内容:
课题名称
初一英语上海牛津版Unit
2语法总结复习
there
be结构
教学目标
同步教学知识内容
Unit
2语法总结复习
个性化学习问题解决
there
be结构
教学重点
there
be结构
教学难点
there
be结构讲与练
教学内容
I名词
三.
名词的普通格作定语
表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语,一般用单数形式。
eg.
stone
figures(石像);paper
money(纸币);country
music(乡村音乐);table
cloth(桌布);river
bank(河岸);school
gate(校门口);book
stores(书店);traffic
lights(交通灯);summer
holidays(暑假);evening
dress(晚礼服)。
但在个别情况下,也有需用复数的。
eg.
sports
meet(运动会);the
United
States
government(美国政府);students
reading-room(学生阅览室);goods
train(货车);two
men
doctors(两个男医生)。
四.
重难点讲解:
1.
I
found
her
sitting
in
the
corner,reading
_____
newspaper,with
_____
in
her
eyes.
A.
a,tear
B.
a
piece
of,tears
C.
a,tears
D.
a
piece
of,tear
陷阱:误选D,许多学生错误地认为,既然news(消息)和
paper(纸)均为不可数名词,那么newspaper(报纸)也应是不可数的;同时认为“眼泪”即“泪水”,“水”不可数,“泪水”和“眼泪”也应该不可数。
分析:最佳答案为C。newspaper和
tear均为可数名词,它们不仅可以连用不定冠词、可以用复数,而且还可以连用数词。
Her
eyes
filled
with
tears.
她热泪盈眶。
She
dried
her
tears
with
a
handkerchief.
她用手帕擦干了眼泪。
The
newspapers
were
full
of
lies.
报纸上一片谎言。
A
newspaper
is
a
publication.
报纸是一种出版物。
2.
Her
father
works
as
a
______
in
a
hotel
and
her
mother
a
______
in
a
private
company.
A.
cooker,typewriter
B.
cook,typist
C.
cooker,typist
D.
cook,typewriter
陷阱:误选A,许多同学想当然地认为:cook
用作动词,表示“煮饭”,所以
cooker
应是其相应的名词,表示“煮饭的人”,即“厨师”;type
用作动词,表示“打字”,所以
typewriter
应表示“打字员”。
分析:“而事实是:cook=厨师,cooker=炊具;typist=打字员,typewriter=打字机。即此题正确答案为B。
3.
“Why
couldn’t
they
meet
us
at
five
o’clock?”
“Because
they
were
delayed
by
________.”
A.
heavy
traffic
B.
heavy
traffics
C.
crowded
traffic
D.
crowded
traffics
陷阱:B、C、D三项均容易误选。
分析:对于此题,首先要明确traffic为不可数名词,没有复数形式,故排除B和D。另外,汉语习惯说“交通拥挤”,而英语习惯上却不能用crowded
来修饰
traffic,要表示汉语的“交通拥挤”,英语通常说heavy
traffic,即选A。如下面一题也是选A:
She
is
not
a
competent
driver
and
can’t
cope
with
driving
in
_______.
A.
heavy
traffic
B.
heavy
traffics
C.
crowded
traffic
D.
crowded
traffics
4.
In
fact,_______
one
cause
that
leads
to
the
problem.
A.
cattle
is
B.
cattle
are
C.
cattles
are
D.
the
cattles
are
陷阱:此题容易误选A,想当然地认为cattle是单数,并且空格有表单数的one,自然谓语动词用is。
陷阱:其实,正确答案为B。cattle(牲畜,牛)为集合名词,尽管它不带复数词尾-s,却永远表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语要用复数。又如:
For
this
many
cattle
were
killed.
为此宰了不少牲畜。
The
prisoners
were
herded
like
cattle.
囚犯像牲口一样被赶到一起。
类似地,police(警察),people(人),police(警察),poultry(家禽)等也具有同样用法,即只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义;用作主语时谓语通常也用复数;不与
a(n)
连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如:The
poultry
have
been
fed.
家禽已经喂过饲料了。
In
Britain
police
do
not
usually
carry
guns.
在英国警察通常不带枪。
It
annoys
me
when
people
forget
to
say
“thank
you”.
遇到有人忘记道谢的时候,我就不痛快。
5.
By
all
_______,you
must
try
every
_______
to
help
him.
A.
mean,mean
B.
means,means
C.
means,mean
D.
mean,means
陷阱:误选C,认为第一空前有all修饰,故用means,而第二空前有every修饰,故用mean。
分析:其实,means是一个单复数同形的名词,并且永远带有尾-s。换句话说,在表示“方式”、“方法”时,不存在mean这一形式(mean主要用作动词,表示“意思是”;也可用作名词,表示“中间”、“中庸”)。此题正确答案为C,by
all
means为习语,意为“一定”、“尽一切办法”。顺便说一句,means用作主语时,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较:
All
possible
means
have
been
tried.
所有可能的办法都已经试过了。
Every
possible
means
has
been
tried.
每种可能的办法都已经试过了。
若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数,其谓语则用单数或复数均可。如:
Is
[Are]
there
any
other
means
of
getting
more
money?
还有其他什么办法可弄到更多钱吗?
【名词典型例题】
1.
Ten
years
had
passed.
I
found
she
had
_______.
A.
a
few
white
hairs
B.
a
little
white
hair
C.
some
white
hair
D.
more
fifty
hair
2.—Hi,this
way,please.
—OK.I
sometimes
have
no
sense
of
______
when
I
arrive
at
the
crossroad.
A.
position
B.
direction
C.
situation
D.
condition
3.
Shelly
had
prepared
carefully
for
her
English
examination
so
that
she
could
be
sure
of
passing
it
on
her
first
________.
A.
intention
B.
attempt
C.
purpose
D.
desire
4.
I
didn’t
have
to
work
all
weekend
—
I
did
it
by
_______.
A.
chance
B.
choice
C.
accident
D.
myself
5.
“Did
you
get
_____
to
the
party?”
“Yes,I
replied
to
it
this
morning.”
A.
an
answer
B.
an
invitation
C.
a
question
D.
a
letter
6.
I
paid
him
£50
for
the
painting,but
its
true
______
must
be
at
least
£500.
A.
price
B.
money
C.
value
D.
importance
7.
His
letter
was
so
confusing
that
I
could
hardly
make
any
______
of
it.
A.
explanation
B.
meaning
C.
sense
D.
guess
8.
You’ve
just
missed
your
______,and
you
will
have
to
wait
for
the
next
round.
A.
chance
B.
turn
C.
time
D.
part
9.
—Li
Lin
is
very
bright
and
studies
hard
as
well.
—It’s
no
______
he
always
gets
the
first
place
in
any
examination.
A.
question
B.
doubt
C.
problem
D.
wonder
10.
—How
can
I
use
this
washing
machine?
—Well,just
refer
to
the
_______.
A.
explanations
B.
expressions
C.
introductions
D.
directions
11.
Jim
was
late
for
two
classes
this
morning.
He
said
that
he
forgot
both
of
the
______.
A.
rooms
number
B.
room
number
C.
room’s
numbers
D.
room
numbers
12.
—Hello,I’d
like
to
speak
to
Henry.
—Oh,which
_______?
There
are
two
______
in
our
office.
A.
Henrys,Henrys
B.
Henries,Henries
C.
Henry,Henrys
D.
Henrys,Henries
13.
Electricity,like
other
forms
of
______,has
greatly
increased
in
price
in
recent
years.
A.
pressure
B.
force
C.
strength
D.
energy
14.
In
order
to
learn
the
_______
of
the
family
business,Bill
took
a
job
as
messenger
boy
in
one
of
the
offices.
A.
ins
and
outs
B.
dos
and
don’ts
C.
heads
and
tails
D.
t’s
and
i’s
15.
—I’ve
got
an
“A”
in
the
examination.
—That’s
a
good
______.
You
will
surely
win
a
second.
A.
result
B.
news
C.
start
D.
idea
答案与解析:
1.
选A。hair
可用作可数或不可数名词,用作可数名词时,指一根一根的毛发或头发,如说
There’s
a
hair
in
my
soup
(我的汤里有根头发);用作不可数名词时,则是整体地指一个人的头发。
2.
选B。需根据句意来分析。have
no
sense
of
direction
意为“没有方向感”。
3.
选B。需根据句意来分析。attempt
在此表示“尝试”。
4.
选B,由于上文说
didn’t
have
to
work,所以下文相应的语境应是
did
it
by
choice。类似地,下面一题应选D,也是因为choice与下文的have
to
do
it
相呼应:
Were
you
given
a
_____,or
did
you
have
to
do
it?
A.
job
B.
duty
C.
request
D.
choice
5.
选
B。注意其后的
to
the
party
和
replied
to
it。
6.
选C。value
指“价值”。
7.
选C。make
sense
of
意为“明白”、“理解”。比较:make
sense
意为“有意义”、“意思清楚”、“有道理”。如下面一题选D:
What
he
told
us
about
the
situation
simply
doesn’t
make
any
______.
A.
use
B.
reason
C.
value
D.
sense
8.
选B。miss
one’s
turn
意为“错过机会”,注意下文的
…have
to
wait
for
the
next
round
所表示的语境。
9.
选D。it’s
no
wonder
(+that从句)的意思是“难怪”,也可说成
No
wonder
(+that从句)。
10.
选D。directions
的意思是“使用说明”,空格前的
refer
to
意为“查看”、“参考”。
11.
选D。room
为无生命名词,不用
room’s
这样的所有格形式,在此可直接用名词作定语。类似地,下面一题要选B,也是一样的道理(名词作定语通常用单数不用复数):
The
boy
was
very
happy
that
his
mother
bought
him
a
new
pair
of
shoes
at
a
______
yesterday.
A.
shoes
shop
B.
shoe
shop
C.
shoes’s
shop
D.
shoe’s
12.
选C。在通常情况下,专有名词具有“独一无二”性,因此它通常没有复数形式,即不可数。但是,专有名词的独一无二性有时是相对的,随着范围的扩大,这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。如在一个星期(week)内,只有一个星期六(Saturday),
一个星期日(Sunday)等,但是在一个月中甚至一年中,便有多个星期六,多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说:We
have
spent
many
happy
Sundays
there.
我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。另外一点值得注意的是,与一般的名词单数变复数不同,以“辅音字母+y”结尾的专有名词,其直接加词尾-s,而不将y改为i。
13.
选D。从常识来考虑,electricity
属于
energy,结合全句的语境,只有D最合适。同样地,下面一题从常识和语境来考虑也应选D:
(1)Some
countries
are
increasing
their
use
of
natural
gas,and
other
forms
of
______.
A.
source
B.
material
C.
power
D.
energy
(2)The
______
has
become
extremely
tense.
A
war
could
break
out
any
time
between
the
two
sides.
A.
pollution
B.
friendship
C.
condition
D.
situation
14.
选A。ins
and
outs
意为“细节”,dos
and
don’ts
意为“注意事项”,heads
or
tails
为掷钱币打赌时用语,意为“你赌正面还是赌反面”,p’s
and
q’s主要用于
mind
one’s
p’s
and
q’s,意为“留意自己的言行”。结合句意,选A最合适。
15.
选C。从语法上看,news
不可选,因为它不可数;从意义上看,D不可选,因为选D意思不通;比较A和C,选C最合适,因为
start与下文的
a
second
相吻合
II.
there
be结构讲与练
“there
be”
结构在英语中表示某处有某物。there
之后除了可以用is,was,are,were外,还可以用其他含有be的各种谓语表现形式。这种结构在英语中应用非常广泛。现将其用法归纳总结如下:
一、“there
be”
之后如有一系列事物,be
应与靠
近的一个名词保持数的一致
例
There
is
a
book,two
pens
and
some
pictures
on
the
table.
There
are
dozens
of
students
and
a
teacher
in
the
classroom.
二、“there
be“结构中的谓语动词可以是“be
going
to
(
seem
to,happen
to,used
to,be
likely
to
…)”+
动词原形
例
There
happened
to
be
a
car
nearby.
There
is
likely
to
be
a
meeting
at
5.
三、“there
be”结构中还可以用be以外的不及物动词,如
live,exist,stand,lie,remain,go,come
等
例
There
stands
a
tall
tree
on
the
top
of
the
mountain.
There
lies
a
small
river
between
the
two
hills.
四、
“There
be”结构中的谓语动词有时可用被动形式
例
There
was
said
to
be
troops
on
the
frontiers
.
There
was
said
to
be
a
number
of
the
wounded
on
both
sides.
五、“there
be”
结构的非限定形式there
to
be,
there
being,
它们可作主语,宾语或状语
1.
作主语
“there
being”
可起名词作用,
直接位于句首作主语;
there
to
be
+
名词词组作主语,
通常用for
引导。
例
There
being
a
bus
stop
near
the
house
is
a
great
advantage.
It
is
impossible
for
there
to
be
any
more.
2.
作宾语
(1)
作动词宾语时,通常用“there
to
be”
结构
。能这样用的及物动词为数有限,常见的有
expect,like,
mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等。
例
We
expect
there
to
be
no
argument.
Would
you
like
there
to
be
a
picture
on
the
wall?
(2)
作介词宾语时,如果介词是for,便只能用“there
to
be”结构,否则多用“there
being”结构。
例
The
teacher
was
waiting
for
there
to
be
complete
silence.
The
secretary
arranged
for
there
to
be
another
interview.
3.
作状语
用作状语的there
be非谓语形式,通常用there
being结构。
例
There
being
nobody
in
the
room,he
didn’t
go
in.
There
being
no
further
business,the
chairman
closed
the
meeting.
注意:如果句中出现for时应用there
to
be
例
It
was
too
late
for
there
to
be
any
buses.
It’s
too
early
for
there
to
be
anybody
up.
【巩固练习】
1.
It
isn’t
cold
enough
for
there
____
a
frost
tonight,so
I
can
leave
Jim’s
car
out
quite
safely.
A.
to
be
B.
would
be
C.
being
D.
was
2.
--Did
you
hear
about
the
fire
down
the
street?
--There
___a
lot
of
news
about
it
on
TV
last
night.
A.
was
B.
had
C.
is
D.
were
3.
There
____
many
changes
in
the
village
recently.
A.
is
B.
are
C.
have
been
D.
to
be
4.
There
___nobody
else
at
hand,I
had
to
do
it
by
myself.
A.
being
B.
was
C.
have
D.
to
be
5.
We
have
no
objection
to
____a
meeting
here.
A.
there
to
be
B.
there
being
C.
there
is
D.
there
having
6.
I
don’t
expect
there
____
any
misunderstanding.
A.
is
B.
to
be
C.
being
D.
will
be
7.
Bill
was
relying
on
____
another
chance.
A.
there
to
be
B.
there
is
C.
there
have
D.
there
being
8.
There
____
a
dictionary
is
very
helpful
to
the
students
of
English.
A.
is
B.
to
be
C.
being
D.
have
9.
There
used
to
be
a
temple
here,_____?
A.
usedn’t
it
B.
used
there
C.
didn’t
it
D.
didn’t
there
10.
There
____a
meeting
tonight.
A.
is
going
be
B.
is
going
to
have
C.
is
going
to
D.
is
going
to
be
11.
We
don’t
want
____
to
be
any
student
lagging
behind.
A.
it
B.
that
C.
there
D.
this
12.
There
____so
few
people
in
the
streets
was
unusual.
A.
to
be
B.
is
C.
was
D.
being
13.
There
___
a
time
when
they
were
good
friends.
A.
is
coming
B.
come
C.
to
be
D.
comes
14.
There
is
now
some
hope
of
____
a
settlement
of
the
dispute.
A.
to
be
B
.
there
to
be
C.
there
being
D.
being
15.
It
would
be
surprising
for_______
no
objections.
A.
to
be
B.
there
to
be
C.
there
being
D.
there
having
16.
There
______
much
to
be
done.
A.
remain
B.
remaining
C.
remains
D.
to
remain
17.
There
______to
be
more
discussions.
A.
was
expected
B.
expecting
C.
expects
D.
was
expecting
18.
People
don
t
want
______
another
war.
A.
being
B.
there
is
C.
will
be
D.
there
to
be
19.
He
was
disappointed
at
______so
few
friends
present
at
his
birthday
party.
A.
there
is
B.
there
to
be
C.
there
being
D.
have
20.______
nothing
else
to
do,we
went
home.
A.
Will
be
B.
There
being
C.
There
to
be
D.
Is
there
Key
1-5
AACAB
6-10
BACDD
11-15
CDDCB
16-20
CADCB
11
/
11