小学英语句子基本结构总结 本文关键词:句子,小学英语,结构
小学英语句子基本结构总结 本文简介:小学英语句子基本结构汇总本章主要讲解两个方面:(1)句子的成分和基本句型;(2)句子的种类。一、句子的成分和基本句型1.句子的成分主语+谓语=主题成分表语+宾语(直接/间接宾语)+宾语补足语+定语+状语=次要部分①主语subject主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代
小学英语句子基本结构总结 本文内容:
小学英语句子基本结构汇总
本章主要讲解两个方面:(1)句子的成分和基本句型;(2)句子的种类。
一、句子的成分和基本句型
1.句子的成分
主语+谓语=主题成分
表语+宾语(直接/间接宾语)+宾语补足语+定语+状语
=次要部分
①
主语subject
主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。
We
study
in
NO.
1
Middle
School.
(we
是主语,我们在一中上学。)
The
classroom
is
very
clean.
(The
classroom
是主语,这个教室很干净。)
Three
students
were
absent.
(Three
students是主语,三个学生缺席。)
To
teach
them
English
is
my
job.
(To
teach
them
English是主语,教他们英语是我的工作)
It
is
my
job
to
teach
them
English.
(此句为特殊句式,it作形式主语,真正的主语是to
teach
them
English)
②
谓语predicate
说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致,它在主语后面。
–
His
parents
are
doctors.他的父母是医生。
–
She
looks
well.她看起来不错。
–
We
study
hard.我们学习很刻苦。
–
We
have
finished
reading
the
book.我们已经读完了这本书。
–
He
can
speak
English.他可以说英语。
③
表语predicative
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
You
look
younger
than
before.你看起来比以前更年轻了。
I
am
a
teacher.我是个老师。
Every
body
is
here。
所有的人都在这。
They
are
at
home
now.他们现在在家。
My
job
is
to
teach
them
English.我的工作是教他们英语。
④
宾语object
宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。
She
is
playing
the
piano
now.她现在正在弹钢琴。
He
often
helps
me.
他经常帮助我。
He
likes
to
sleep
in
the
open
air.他喜欢在室外睡觉。
We
enjoy
living
in
China.我们喜欢在中国生活。
⑤
宾语补足语object
complement
宾语后面加上一个词或一个短语用来对宾语的特征、状态等情况进行补充说明,这个词或短语叫做宾宾语补足语。它和前面的宾语一起形成“复合宾语”它可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词或动词不定式等。
“宾语+宾语补足语”
=复合宾语
?Leave
the
door
open.
(open是door的宾补)让门开着。
?We
found
Li
Ming
out
when
we
arrived.
(副词out,是李明的宾补)当我们到达的时候发现李明出去了。
?Make
yourself
at
home.
(at
home副词短语做yourself的宾补)别拘束,随便。就像在自己家一样。
?I
saw
a
stranger
enter
the
building.
(enter
the
building做a
stranger的宾补)我看见一个陌生人进入了大楼。
?The
boss
kept
them
working
all
day.
(working
all
day
做them的宾补)老板让他们一整天都在工作。
?Yesterday
he
got
his
leg
broken.
(broken做his
leg的宾补)昨天他的腿受伤了。
⑥
状语adverbial
状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式程度等意义,一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。
He
did
it
carefully.他认真的做这件事。
Without
his
help,we
couldn’t
work
it
out.没有他的帮助,我们不能完成这件事。
(In
order)
to
catch
up
with
my
classmates,I
must
study
hard.为了赶上我的同班同学,我必须努力学习。
⑦
定语attributive
定语用来修饰名词或代词,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语,不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。。
The
black
bike
is
mine.
(形容词black修饰名词bike)这个黑色的自行车是我的。
What
is
your
name?
(形容词性物主代词your修饰名词name)你叫什么名字?
They
made
paper
flowers.
(名词paper修饰名词flowers)他们制备纸花。
The
boys
in
the
room
are
in
Class
Three
Grade
One.
(介词短语in
the
room修饰名词boys)这个房间里的男孩们在一年级三班。
I
have
something
to
do.
(动词不定式to
do修饰名词something)我有一些事要做。
基本句型
①
第1种句型S+V
(主语+谓语)
主语+谓语(不及物动词)
?Class
begins.
(class主语,动词begins做谓语)
?We
begin
our
class
at
8.(we做主语,begin做谓语)
②
第2种句型S+V+O
主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语
?My
father
read
the
book.
(my
father做主语,read做谓语,the
book做宾语)
我爸爸读书。
?She
likes
English.
(She做主语,likes
做谓语,English做宾语)
?I
know
him
very
well.
(I做主语,know做谓语,him做宾语)我很了解他
?He
stopped
writing.
(he做主语,stopped做谓语,writing做宾语)
?You
must
listen
to
me.(you做主语,must
listen
to做谓语,me做宾语)你必须听我的。
③第3种句型S+V+P
主语+系动词+表语
?He
became
a
scientist.
(He做主语,became做系动词,名词短语a
scientist做表语)。他成为了一个科学家。
?They
are
honest.
(They做主语,are是系动词,形容词honest是表语)他们是忠诚的。
They
are
at
home
now.
(They是主语,are是系动词,介词短语at
home是表语)他们现在在家。
My
job
is
to
teach
them
English.(My
job是主语,is是系动词,动词不定式to
teach
them
English是表语)
我的工作是教他们英语。
在句子中经常作为系动词的动词有
keep
look
smell
sound
taste
feel
grow
get
go
turn
④第4种句型S+V+IO+DO
主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语
直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象
间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的,或是为谁做的
双宾语
:直接宾语(表示动作结果)和间接宾语(动作目标)
He
gave
Tom
a
present.
(he是主语,gave是谓语,Tom是间接宾语,a
present是直接宾语)
Give
it
to
me.
(give是谓语,it是直接宾语,me是间接宾语)
必背:p.7
间接宾语在后面时,其前必须加to(“给”)或for
(给
、
“替”
、
“为”
)
直接宾语和间接宾语的使用
间+直
当直接宾语是人称代词时,为了强调间接宾语,直+间
我把它递给我妈妈。
?I
passed
it
to
my
mother.
(it是直接宾语,my
mother是间接宾语)
她把它们扔给我。
?She
threw
them
to
me.
(them是直接宾语,me是间接宾语)
我为他找到多余的书/票。
?I
found
spare
books/tickets
for
him.
(spare
books是直接宾语,him是间接宾语)
“疑问词+不定式”
作直接宾语
他教我如何读这个单词。
?He
taught
me
how
to
read
the
word.(me是间接宾语,how
to
read
the
word是直接宾语)
我告诉他做什么。
?I
told
him
what
to
do.(him是间接宾语,what
to
do是直接宾语)
他问我为什么唱这支歌。
?He
asked
me
why
to
sing
this
song.(me是间接宾语,why
to
sing
this
song
是直接宾语)
她问我走哪条路。
?She
asked
me
which
way
to
go.(me
是间接宾语,which
way
to
go
是直接宾语)
⑤第5种句型S+V+O+OC
主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语
call,name,make,think,and,leave
他们使她幸福。
?They
made
her
happy.(They
是主语,made是谓语,her是宾语,happy是宾补)
我们叫她康妮。
?We
call
her
Connie.(we是主语,call是谓语,her是宾语,Connie是宾补)
我觉得这部电影很有意思。
?I
found
the
movie
interesting.(I是主语,found是谓语,the
movie是宾语,interesting是宾补)
他让这个窗户开着。
?He
left
the
window
open.(He是主语,left是谓语,the
Window是宾语,open是宾补)
我看见她跳舞了。
?I
saw
her
dance.(I是主语,saw是谓语,her是宾语,dance是宾补)
⑥第4种句型和第5种句型
(双宾语和复合宾语)的比较
■第4种句型变为被动语态,有两种情况:
?We
sent
them
a
telegram.
我们给他们发了个电报。
→They
were
sent
a
telegram.
→A
telegram
was
sent
to
them.
■第5种句型变为被动语态时,只有一种句式。
?I
will
make
you
king.
→You
will
be
made
king.
?He
gave
me
a
book.
?He
calls
me
Tom.
宾语+宾语补足语可以形成逻辑上的主谓关系,即“我是汤姆;
间接宾语和直接宾语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即不能想像为“我是一本书”。
1
用所给的单词组成句子
1.to,the,box,I,want,take,to,room,heavy,the
I
want
to
take
the
heavy
box
to
the
room.
2.look,things,the,after,boys,their,must
The
boys
must
look
after
their
things.
3.here,all,are,you
You
are
all
here.
4.today,who,duty,is,on
Who
is
on
duty
today?
5.Miss,them,3
years
ago,Wang,taught,Japanese
Miss
Wang
taught
them
Japanese
3
years
ago.
6.is,rice,bag,in,there,much,the
There
is
much
rice
in
the
bag.
?
2
根据中文提示,完成下列句子
1.Have
you
ever
been
to
(最远的小岛)?
2.We
must
(保持清洁)
our
classroom.
3.They
and
(每两小时,必须坐下休息)two
hours.
4.After
work
he
always
(感到有点儿累).
5.There
is
(有点儿毛病)
with
Linda
s
cat
s
eyes.
6.I
can
see
(没有异常之物)
in
the
tree.
7.Mr.
Fang
is
(去……访问)
his
aunt.
二、句子的种类
1、陈述句
凡是说明一件事情,提出一个看法,或是表达一种心情的句子
有肯定式和否定式。句末用句号“.”,通常用降调
②
否定结构应注意事项
A、使用not的部分否定
如果使用了very,always以及all,both,every及every的复合词
?I
don’t
play
football
well.
?I
don’t
play
football
very
well.
?It
isn’t
always
hot
here
in
summer.
B、not的其他否定表示
a
not…at
all一点也不
我一点儿也不累。
?
I’m
not
tired
at
all.
我一点儿也不喜欢它。
?I
don’t
like
it
at
all.
b
not…any
more,not…any
longer再也不……
我再也不在这儿住了。
?I
don’t
live
here
any
longer.
我再也不能多吃了。
?I
can
not
eat
any
more.=I
can
eat
no
more.
2、祈使句
表示请求、命令、建议等。谓语动词一律用原形。通常不用主语,句末用惊叹号或句号,用降调。
1含有第二人称主语的祈使句
A、肯定式:动词原形+…(省主语)
?Stand
up.
?Be
quiet,please.
?Do
study
hard.
?Li
Ming,come
here.
?Come
here,Li
Ming
②含有第一、三人称主语的祈使句
A、肯定的祈使句
Let+第一人称(me,us)+……
Let+第三人称代词(him/her/it/them)或名词+……
咱们马上动身吧。
?Let’s
go
at
once.
?Let’s
go,shall/shan’t
we?.
?Let
us
go,will/won’t
you?
Yes,let’s/No,let’s
not.
?Let
me
try
again.
?Let
Tom
go
there
himself.
B、否定的祈使句
Let’s
(us,me)+not+动词原形+……
Don’t
let+第三人称代词的宾格或名词+动词原形
?Let’s
not
say
anything
about
it.
?Don’t
let
them
play
with
fire.
Let
them
not
play
with
fire.
3、感叹句
表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情。分为两种:一种以what引导,一种以how引导。句尾用感叹号“!”。用降调。
①what引导的感叹句:What+名词(或形容词+名词)+陈述句(主语+谓语)!
(他是个)多么诚实的人啊!
?What
an
honest
man
he
is!
(这些是)多么大的苹果啊!
?What
big
apples
these
are!
多么好的天气啊!
?What
fine
weather
it
is!
2
how引导的感叹句:How+形容词或副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)+……!
今天天气多热阿!
How
hot
it
is
today!
那凤筝飞得多么高啊!
How
high
the
kite
is
flying!
他跑的多快啊!
How
fast
he
runs!
多么诚实的人啊!
How
honest
the
man
is!
我多想当个老师阿1
How
I
want
to
be
a
teacher!
1按要求改写下列句子
1.There
is
some
milk
in
the
bottle.(改为否定句)
1.
There
isn
t
any
milk
in
the
bottle.
2.Take
the
chair
to
the
door.(改为否定句)
2.
Don
t
take
the
chair
to
the
door.
3.He
did
the
housework
yesterday.(改为否定句)
3.
He
didn
t
do
the
housework
yesterday.
4.The
ship
is
big.(改为感叹句)
4.
How
big
the
ship
is!/What
a
big
ship
it
is!
5.He
does
well
in
maths.(改为否定句)
5.
He
doesn
t
do
well
in
maths.
6.They
can
put
the
bag
in
the
box.(改为否定句)
6.
They
cannot
put
the
bag
in
the
box.
7.Give
him
a
bottle
of
milk.(改为否定句)
7.
Don
t
give
him
a
bottle
of
milk.
8.He
had
done
with
the
goods
before
he
went
away.(改为否定句)
8.
He
hadn
t
done
with
the
goods
before
he
went
away.
9.These
people
are
very
brave.(改为感叹句)
9.
How
brave
these
people
are!/What
brave
people
they
are!
10.Tom
has
strong
arms.(改为What引导的感叹句)
10.
What
strong
arms
Tom
has!
11.This
film
is
very
good.(改为How引导的感叹句)
11.
How
good
the
film
is!
12.I
want
to
be
a
doctor.(改为感叹句)
12.
How
I
want
to
be
a
doctor!
13.There
was
something
wrong
with
the
radio.(改为否定句)
13.
There
was
nothing
wrong
with
the
radio.
or:
There
wasn
t
anything
wrong
with
the
radio.
14.You
must
be
kind
to
the
other
people.(改为祈使句)
14.
Be
kind
to
the
other
people!/Do
be
kind
to
the
other
people!
15.You
mustn
t
eat
lunch
now.(改为祈使句)
15.
Don
t
eat
lunch
now!
16.Shall
we
play
tennis
after
school?(改为祈使句)
16.
Let
s
play
tennis
after
school.
17.How
cold
it
is
today!(改为肯定陈述句)
17.
It
is
very
cold
today.
18.I
think
he
will
come.(改为否定句)
18.
I
don
t
think
he
will
come.
19.He
works
very
hard.(改为HOW引导的感叹句)
19.
How
hard
he
works!
20.Let
s
go
to
see
them.(改为否定句)
20.
Let
s
not
go
to
see
them.
2汉译英
1.父亲很可怜,他几乎不会写他的名字。
1.
His
father
is
poor.
He
can
hardly
write
his
name.
2.我很少看报纸,我不知道每天都发生什么事。
2.
I
seldom
read
newspapers.
I
don‘t
know
what
has
happened
/happens
every
day.
3.我的父亲并非每天早上都到办公室去。
3.
My
father
does
not
go
to
his
office
every
morning.
4.好难的工作呀!
4.
What
a
difficult
job!
5.他跳得真高!
5.
How
high
he
jumps!