International trade英语专业专业必修课 国际贸易实务 英文版 课堂笔记整理 本文关键词：必修课，英文版，英语专业，实务，课堂
International trade英语专业专业必修课 国际贸易实务 英文版 课堂笔记整理 本文简介：Chapter1IntroductiontoInternationaltradeQuestionsAnunfavorablebalanceoftrade,ortradedeficit,occurswhenthevalueofthecountry’simportsexceedsthatofitsexp
International trade英语专业专业必修课 国际贸易实务 英文版 课堂笔记整理 本文内容：
Chapter
1
Introduction
to
International
trade
Questions
An
unfavorable
balance
of
trade,or
trade
deficit,occurs
when
the
value
of
the
country’s
imports
exceeds
that
of
its
exports.
?
Balance
of
payments
[the
difference
between
money
coning
into
a
country
(from
exports)
and
money
going
out
of
the
country
(for
import)
plus
money
flows
coming
into
or
leaving
a
country
from
other
factors
such
as
tourism,foreign
aid.
BOP=EM-IM+MF].
A
favorable
balance
of
payments
means
more
money
is
flowing
into
a
country
than
flowing
out;An
unfavorable
balance
of
payments
is
when
more
money
is
flowing
out
of
a
country
than
coming
in.
?
Dumping(the
practic
of
selling
products
in
foreign
country
at
lower
prices
than
those
charged
in
the
producing
country).
Companies
use
this
tactic
to
reduce
surplus
products
in
foreign
markets
or
to
gain
a
foothold
in
a
new
market
by
offering
products
for
lower
prices
than
domestic
competitors
do.
The
foundation
of
international
trade
and
economic
activities：In
today’s
complex
economic
world,neither
individuals
nor
nations
are
self-sufficient.
Nations
have
utilized
different
economic
resources;
people
have
developed
different
skills.
Questions
2
second,allocate
those
resources
within
countries
to
each
country
s
comparative
advantage
industries;
2
third,allow
the
countries
to
trade
freely
.
?
Specialization
(there
were
some
things
he
was
more
capable
of
doing
and
it
would
benefit
him
to
concentrate
his
efforts
on
the
production
of
those
goods
in
which
he
was
particularly
proficient)
What
are
the
major
benefits
of
exporting?
Why
export?
Your
general
objectives
will
probably
be:
?
To
increase
profitability
?
To
utilise
production
capacity
to
the
full
?
The
small
domestic
market
may
not
big
enough
for
growth
?
You
may
be
manufacturing
a
specialised
product
and
find
there
are
not
enough
customers
in
Sweden
?
You
may
be
looking
for
the
increased
security
your
company
can
achieve
by
spreading
its
risks
over
a
variety
of
markets
?
You
may
want
to
ensure
that
your
product
is
kept
up
to
date
by
exposure
to
competition
in
international
markets
?
It
provides
scope
to
develop
a
company
s
strengths
and
abilities.
Selling
in
an
international
environment
will
sharpen
your
innovative
edge
and
open
up
opportunities
that
might
never
come
your
way
if
you
limit
yourself
to
the
home
market.
Michael
Porter’s
Diamond
Model
Michael
Porter
of
the
Harvard
Business
School
introduced
a
new
competitiveness
theory,the
so-called
diamond
model.
He
argues
that
national
prosperity
is
not
inherited,but
created
by
choices;
in
other
words,national
wealth
is
not
set
by
factor
endowments,but
created
by
strategic
choices.
He
introduced
a
concept
of
“clusters”,or
groups
of
interconnected
firms,suppliers,related
industries,and
institutions
that
arise
in
particular
locations.
1.
Firm
strategy,Structure
and
Rivalry
The
world
is
dominated
by
dynamic
conditions,and
it
is
direct
competition
that
impels
firms
to
work
for
increases
in
productivity
and
innovation.
2.
Demand
Conditions
The
more
demanding
the
customers
in
an
economy,the
greater
the
pressure
facing
firms
to
constantly
to
improve
their
competitiveness
via
innovative
products,through
high
quality,etc.
3.
Related
Supporting
Industries
Upstream
or
downstream
industries
facilitates
the
exchange
of
information
and
promotes
a
continuous
exchange
of
ideas
and
innovations.
4.
Factor
Conditions
Contrary
to
conventional
wisdoms,Porter
argues
that
the
“key”
factors
of
production
(or
specialized
factors)
are
created,not
inherited.
Specialized
factors
are
skilled
labor,capital
and
infrastructure.
“Non-key”
factors
or
general
use
factors,such
as
unskilled
labor
and
raw
materials,can
be
obtained
by
any
company
and,hence,do
not
generate
sustained
competitive
advantage.
However,specialized
factors
involve
heavy,sustained
investment.
They
are
more
difficult
to
duplicate.
This
leads
to
a
competitive
advantage,because
if
other
firms
cannot
easily
duplicate
these
factors,they
are
valuable.
The
role
of
government
in
Porter’
Diamond
Model
is
“acting
as
a
catalyst
and
challenger;
it
is
to
encourage—or
even
push—companies
to
raise
their
aspirations
and
move
to
higher
levels
of
competitive
performance…”.They
must
encourage
companies
to
raise
their
performance,stimulate
early
demand
for
advanced
products,focus
on
specialized
factors
creation
and
to
stimulate
local
rivalry
by
limiting
direct
cooperation
and
enforce
anti-trust（反托拉斯，反垄断）regulations.
Chapter
5
International
Trade
Terms
Role
of
International
Trade
Terms
?
Standing
for
specific
obligations
of
the
buyer
and
the
seller.
?
Name
the
exact
point
at
which
the
ownership
of
the
merchandise
is
transferred
from
the
seller
to
the
buyer.
?
Define
the
responsibilities
and
expenses
of
both
the
seller
and
the
buyer.
?
Define
the
nature
of
the
contract,such
as
FOB
contract
or
CIF
contract,to
determine
expenses
and
risks
as
well
as
their
rights
and
obligations
accordingly.
?
The
use
of
the
trade
terms
greatly
simplifies
the
contract
negotiations,and
thus
saves
time
and
cost.
The
price
of
commodity（refers
to
the
unit
price,which
is
made
up
of
a
name
of
currency,a
unit
price,a
measuring
unit,a
trade
term,and
a
name
of
destination
or
shipping
place
.For
example,US$
800
per
M/T
CIF
London）
国际贸易合同的主要条款有:
合同对象(标的)：commodities
or
services
合同总值:
total
value
or
quantities
交货条件:
trade
terms
包装:
packaging
装运期:
shipment
装运口岸和目的地:
departure
port
or
destination
保险:
insurance
支付条款:
payment
Procedures
of
Marine
Insurance
?
To
apply
for
marine
insurance;
?
To
determine
the
insurance
value
of
the
goods
to
be
insured;
?
To
determine
the
insurance
average
and
coverage;
?
To
determine
insurance
premium;
?
To
sign
an
insurance
policy
?
To
lodge
an
insurance
claim.
Proper
pricing,complete
and
accurate
quotations,and
choice
of
terms
of
sale
and
payment
are
four
critical
elements
in
selling
a
product
or
service
internationally.
Of
the
four,pricing
is
the
most
problematic,even
for
the
experienced
exporter.
Export
product
cost
structure,involving
cost
of
production,selling
and
delivery
costs,and
customs
duties.
Pricing
Considerations
?
At
what
price
should
the
firm
sell
its
product
in
the
foreign
market?
?
What
type
of
market
positioning
does
the
company
want
to
convey
from
its
pricing
structure?
?
Does
the
export
price
reflect
the
product
s
quality?
?
Is
the
price
competitive?
?
Should
the
firm
pursue
market
penetration
or
market-skimming
pricing
objectives
abroad?
?
What
type
of
discount
(trade,cash,quantity)
and
allowances
(advertising,trade-off)
should
the
firm
offer
its
foreign
customers?
?
Laws
pose
a
problem?
?
Should
prices
differ
by
market
segment?
?
What
should
the
firm
do
about
product
line
pricing?
?
What
pricing
options
are
available
if
the
firm
s
costs
increase
or
decrease?
?
Is
the
demand
in
the
foreign
market
elastic
or
inelastic?
?
Are
the
prices
going
to
be
viewed
by
the
foreign
government
as
reasonable
or
unfair?
?
Do
the
foreign
country
s
antidumping?
Pricing
Summary
Here
are
the
key
points
to
remember
when
determining
your
product
s
price:
?
Determine
the
objective
in
the
foreign
market.
?
Compute
the
actual
cost
of
the
export
product.
?
Compute
the
final
consumer
price.
?
Evaluate
market
demand
and
competition.
?
Consider
modifying
the
product
to
reduce
the
export
price.
?
Include
“non-market“costs,such
as
tariffs
and
customs
fees.
?
Exclude
cost
elements
that
provide
no
benefit
to
the
export
function,such
as
domestic
advertising.
In
the
cost-plus
method
of
calculation,the
exporter
starts
with
the
domestic
manufacturing
cost
and
adds
administration,research
and
development,overhead,freight
forwarding,distributor
margins,customs
charges,and
profit.
The
effect
of
this
pricing
approach
may
be
that
the
export
price
escalates
into
an
uncompetitive
range.
The
actual
payment=
the
full
invoice
of
the
goods
+the
additional
charges
of
expenses
the
seller
has
paid.
Stages
in
Handling
a
Bill
of
Exchange
?
To
draw
?
Presentation
and
acceptance
?
Endorsement
?
Without
recourse
?
Payment
?
Dishonor
and
recourse
-
4
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