讲话的艺术(麻省理工学院一门著名的课程) 本文关键词:麻省理工学院,一门,讲话,著名,课程
讲话的艺术(麻省理工学院一门著名的课程) 本文简介:讲话是一门艺术,面对众人讲话(演讲)更是一门艺术,下面是美国麻省理工学院(MIT)一位教授每年必讲的一门在MIT非常著名的课程(后面附有视频链接)。LeoBrown(注:国外一位非常有名的演讲大师,曾获“World’sTopFiveSpeakers”的提名,同时也是一个成功的企业家,两本畅销书的作者
讲话的艺术(麻省理工学院一门著名的课程) 本文内容:
讲话是一门艺术,面对众人讲话(演讲)更是一门艺术,下面是美国麻省理工学院(MIT)一位教授每年必讲的一门在MIT非常著名的课程(后面附有视频链接)。
Leo
Brown(注:国外一位非常
有名的演讲大师,曾获“World’s
Top
Five
Speakers”的提名,同时也是一个成功的企业家,两本畅销书的作者)最近在美国丹佛举办的MDRT(Million
Dollar
Round
Table)会议中进行演讲。不愧是一位充满感染力的演技大师,他简直棒极了。除了富有感染力,他的演讲还充满了幽默感。
那我们可以从一位这样成功的演讲大师身上学习到什么呢?当然是非常多。仔细专研Les
Brown的演讲录像你就会学到不少——这里,我列出一些学习点及其非常好的一些语句摘录:
·
充满精神:说话的声调,举止动作,流汗。你在演讲的时候会流汗吗——试一试。
·
引用名句:Leo
Brown有着上百万的名句在他脑海中。(至上看起来他知道非常非常多的名句,且都应用得当)
·
有根据性:Leo的演讲有节奏感,他的语速和声音的韵律都非常好。他的演讲就像是和我们在讨论而非一味的他在演讲。而且他还总是自信满满的。
·
讲述故事:他有很多的故事,围绕在他身边发生的故事。而且这些故事都与他要传到的信息也都相辅相成。
·
熟能生巧:虽然Leo有着前面列出来的很多优点,但是只有熟能生巧才能保证演讲的质量。
一些好的语句摘录:
·
“我已经从事演讲20年了,事实上是34年。但是问题是前14年我认为我不能做好演讲。”
·
“提供更多服务,不要仅限于被支付的范围。”(Provide
more
service
than
you
get
paid
for.)
·
“人只和他喜欢或者值得信任的人做生意。”
·
“工欲善其事,必先利其器。”
·
“…通过更新你的思想来获得改变…”
讲话的艺术
每年一月,在美国麻省理工大学的自选课外活动期间,计算机科学专业的
Patrick
Henry
Winston
教授都会开一门著名的课,叫做:如何讲话。在这个一直广受欢迎的课堂上,Winston
教授向观众们讲授关于掌握讲话艺术的那些经过不断发展和打磨,而逐渐成熟的注意事项及策略。今年我第一次去听了他的讲课,果然收获颇丰。
当时的教室里座无虚席,甚至台阶上和讲台旁侧的空地上都站满了人。挤在过道处的人群,很费劲的侧耳聆听。由于到教室很早,我得以拥有一张课桌,因此能够记录下一些笔记。在本文中,我就这些笔记做了总结,向你一一展示
Patrick
Winston
背后的秘密方法。
公式:I
=
f(K,P,T)
你的影响力(Influence)是一个关于你的演讲常识(Knowledge
about
speaking)、练习情况(Practice)以及天赋(Talent)的函数。这三者的重要性在这里是按逐渐减弱排序的。Winston的建议主要关注于演讲常识。这也是最显著提高你的影响力而又最简单的方法。
如何开始
下面是一些关于开始演讲的建议:
1.
不要用笑话做开头。听众尚未习惯于你和你的讲话风格。因而,幽默感在此刻也许不那么容易取得好的效果。
2.
以一个菜单开始演讲。准确告诉听众,你将要讲些什么,以怎样的顺序陈述。
3.
尊重并承诺听众的自由与权益。能够吸引并留住听众远比调动他们来听更重要。
四条重要提示
下面是四条提高讲话能力的启示。
1.
反复重述。
首先,简洁的提出你的思想,然后详细的阐述,最后再进行总结。用人工智能的术语讲,即:让你的听众载入图解表,继而将细节填充进去,最后让他们知晓,什么是有价值的信息,而应当被编入大脑中的索引,为未来所用。
2.
准确措辞。
这一方法可以使得那些不慎走神的听众很容易重新回到讲话中。比如这样:“上面我们谈了第一条启示,即:反复重述。下面我将要讲第二条启示,它会使你的讲话更有趣……”
3.
不要忽略其他说明。
解释一种观点的时候,也应当引述一些其他与之不同但非常相关或相近的观点。这可以帮助听者更准确的理解你的观点中的关键部分。
4.
提出反问。
不要问得太简单,也不要太难。等待答案的时间大概用6秒钟。
工具
关系演讲成败的三个工具。
1.
时间和地点。
如果你能够掌控时间和地点,上午的中段是最好的演讲时间。会场的大小应该是刚好能做满你预计的听众人数。确保灯光的亮度合适。不要让他们把灯关上。(“与其为听众制造昏暗的环境,让他们在昏昏欲睡中透过眼皮想象幻灯片上的内容,倒不如让他们在明亮的环境下看幻灯片。”)
2.
写字板。
黑板可以让你在上面顺手画出示意图,帮助你强调重点。它也能为你把握节奏。因为书写的速度跟人们处理信息的速度几乎同步。
使用一个能够传达你的主旨的符号,以便于随时可以引用。
(“我有一次见到,一位斯隆学院的教授的讲课,围绕一个三角形花了一整个小时,相当厉害!”)
这也可以提供一个有形的标物,让你可以在需要的时候指着黑板上的文字或符号讲话。在演讲中,手所能发挥的最好作用亦在于此。
3.
幻灯片。
不要使用小于24的字号。倘若你无法在幻灯片上用这么大的字号显示下全部信息,那说明,你要显示的信太多了。幻灯片一般遵从以下四个原则:
1.
不要照读幻灯片!
2.
不要站的离屏幕过远。这会使你的听众分散注意力。
3.
不要使用指示棒。激光或其他类型的指示棒会分散观众的注意力。你会不自觉的用它晃来晃去,这非常不好。更好的办法是,站在屏幕旁,用手去指示屏幕上的信息,或者使用鼠标指示。
4.
道具。如果可能,使用道具来举例说明你的意思。
特殊的场合
三种具体的讲话情景。注意,前两种主要针对学术性的演讲,但是相应给出的建议同样适用于其他场合。
口语考试。一些策略:
1.
在开始时展示自己。在五分钟内,阐明你做了什么,以及它们的重要性。
2.
从时间、空间及领域几方面陈述介绍内容。即:以时间顺序展示你着重研究的轨迹,还有在什么其他地方人们在研究同一问题,以及在这一领域内你的研究结果。
3.
练习。让你的朋友们试听你的演讲。请他们尽量提出一些难以应付的问题。
职场演讲。下面是人们希望在候选者身上看到的:
1.
拥有愿景。
2.
对于这一愿景,你有所行为。
3.
不要以一张总结性的幻灯片收场。而是在最后展示出你所做出过的贡献,清晰的表明你都做了什么。
变得著名。如果你想要成为世界级的演讲者,那么实践一下“Winston’s
Star”,这是一个能够使你的演讲分外难忘的清单,包括以下五点:
1.
符号。某个图标,可以使你的想法更易于被记住。
2.
标语。对你的想法做一个简单的语言上的处理。
3.
出乎意料。让人们之后谈论到的时候,会说:“你去听过这么一个演讲么?……”
4.
出众之处。要有真正闪亮的观点。
5.
故事。讲一些真正吸引观众的故事。
如何结束
讲话结尾时,要记住以下几点:
1.
重申你在演讲开头提出的许诺。重新向观众阐述你的许诺是什么,并总结一下你如何实践了它。
2.
讲个笑话。现在听众已经了解你了。这样,如果他们带着愉快的心情离开会场,他们会对整个演讲留下愉快的印象。
3.
提出问题。
4.
不要感谢观众。那样看起来好像是感谢观众好心听完了你无聊的唠叨。
5.
以致敬来结束演讲。表示敬意,但不必感谢。
(例如,“今天在场的都是非常棒的观众,我希望你们在此学到了使自己演讲更精彩的方法。”)
Patrick
Winston教授的演讲视频
http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/html/icb.topic58703/winston1.html
英文原文:http://calnewport.com/blog/?p=266
The
Art
of
Speaking:
“There
is
a
special
circle
in
hell
for
those
who
use
laser
pointers,”
this
and
other
advice
from
a
master
speaker.
Features:
Interviews
Study
Hacks
February
6th.
2008,4:45pm
How
to
Speak
Every
January,during
MIT’s
Independent
Activities
Period,Computer
Science
Professor
Patrick
Henry
Winston
gives
a
famed
lecture
titled:
How
to
Speak.
During
this
perennially
popular
event,Professor
Winston
walks
his
audience
through
a
series
of
tips
and
strategies,developed
and
honed
over
decades,for
mastering
the
art
of
speaking.
I
attended
his
lecture
for
the
first
time
this
year,and
was
not
disappointed.
The
crowd
was
literally
at
capacity.
Every
seat
filled.
Every
step
filled.
The
ground
surrounding
the
podium
filled.
And
a
crowd
spilling
out
into
the
hallway
straining
to
hear.
Having
arrived
early,I
was
able
to
snag
a
desk
an
thus
take
copious
notes.
In
this
post,I
draw
from
these
notes
to
present
to
you,in
detail,the
secrets
behind
the
Patrick
Winston
Method.
The
Formula
I
=
f(K,P,T)
Your
Impact
is
a
function
of
your
Knowledge
about
speaking,Practice,and
Talent
—
in
decreasing
order
of
importance.
Winston’s
advice
focuses
on
your
knowledge
about
speaking.
This
is
the
easiest
way
to
gain
the
biggest
increases
in
your
impact.
How
to
Start
Some
advice
for
starting
your
talk.
1.
Don’t
start
with
a
joke.
The
audience
is
not
accustomed
to
you
or
your
speaking
style
yet.
Humor
will
be
difficult
at
this
point.
2.
Do
start
with
a
menu.
Tell
them
exactly
what
you’ll
be
speaking
about
and
in
what
order.
3.
Do
provide
an
empowerment
promise.
Explain
why
your
audience
will
come
away
from
the
talk
better
than
when
they
entered.
The
Big
Four
A
collection
of
four
heuristics
that
make
a
talk
work.
1.
Cycling.
Deliver
ideas
first
in
brief,then
in
detail,then
in
summary.
To
use
the
lingo
of
artificial
intelligence:
let
your
audience
load
the
schema,then
fill
in
the
details,then
let
them
know
what’s
worth
indexing
for
future
reference.
2.
Verbal
Punctuation.
Provide
a
mechanism
to
help
people
who
“fogged
out”
to
easily
rejoin
the
talk.
For
example:
“We
have
just
finished
talking
about
the
first
heuristic,cycling,I
am
now
going
to
talk
about
the
second
heuristic
for
helping
to
make
your
talks
more
interesting…”
3.
Near
Miss.
When
explaining
an
idea,also
describe
other
ideas
that
are
close
but
not
quite
the
same.
This
will
help
people
understand
what
the
important
points
are
that
define
your
idea.
4.
Ask
Rhetorical
Questions.
Don’t
make
them
too
easy.
Don’t
make
them
too
hard.
Wait
6
seconds
for
an
answer.
The
Tools
Four
tools
that
can
make
or
break
your
presentation.
1.
Time
and
Place.
If
it’s
in
your
control:
mid-morning
is
the
best
time.
Choose
a
location
that
will
look
full
with
your
expected
audience
size.
Make
sure
it
is
well-lit.
Don’t
let
them
turn
down
the
lights.
(“It’s
easier
to
see
slides
in
a
light
room
then
to
seem
them
through
closed
eyelids.”)
2.
The
Board.
A
blackboard
lets
you
draw
natural
graphics
that
highlight
your
points.
It
also
paces
you.
The
speed
of
writing
matches
the
speed
with
which
people
process
information.
Use
a
logo
that
captures
the
main
point
and
that
you
can
return
to.
(“I
once
saw
a
Sloan
professor
lecture
for
a
whole
hour
about
a
triangle;
it
was
amazing!”)
It
also
provides
a
target.
The
best
thing
to
do
with
your
hands?
Point
at
things
on
the
board.
3.
Slides.
Don’t
use
anything
less
than
24-point
type.
If
you
can’t
fit
the
information
at
this
font
size
then
you
have
too
much.
Follow
these
four
rules:
1.
Don’t
read
the
slides!
“A
special
circle
in
hell
for
those
who…”
2.
Don’t
stand
far
away
from
the
screen.
This
requires
divided
attention
from
your
audience.
3.
Have
one
meaningful
picture
per
slide.
If
it’s
found
in
Microsoft’s
clip
art
gallery,it’s
not
meaningful.
4.
No
pointers.
Laser
or
otherwise.
These
are
distractions.
You’ll
play
with
them.
They’re
annoying.
Stand
by
the
screen
and
point
with
your
hand
or
refer
to
visual
anchors
on
the
slide.
4.
Props.
When
possible,use
a
prop
to
illustrate
an
idea.
Special
Cases
Three
specific
types
of
talks.
(Notice,the
first
two
are
specific
to
academia,but
the
advice
is
none-the-less
generalizable
to
other
arenas).
1.
Oral
Exams.
Some
strategies:
1.
Show
your
hand
early
on.
Within
five
minutes
have
explained
what
you
did
and
why
it’s
important.
2.
Situate
your
results
in
time,space,and
field.
That
is,explain
the
trajectory
over
time
of
your
area
of
concentration,where
else
people
are
working
on
the
same
problem,and
the
consequence
of
your
result
for
the
field.
3.
Practice.
Ask
your
friends
to
listen
to
your
talk.
Tell
them
to
try
to
make
you
cry.
2.
Job
Talk.
Here
is
what
they
want
to
see
in
a
candidate:
1.
Has
a
vision.
2.
Has
done
something
about
that
vision.
3.
Don’t
finish
with
a
conclusion
slide.
Instead
have
a
contributions
slides.
Something
that
spells
out
clearly
what
you
did.
3.
Getting
Famous.
If
you
want
to
become
a
world
class
speaker,try
to
deploy
Winston’s
Star.
A
five-point
checklist
of
things
to
make
your
talk
extra
memorable:
1.
Symbol.
Some
icon
that
makes
your
ideas
easy
to
hold
on
to.
2.
Slogan.
A
simple
linguistic
handle
for
your
ideas.
3.
Surprise.
Make
people
say:
“did
you
see
that
talk…”
4.
Salient.
Have
an
idea
that
really
sticks
out.
5.
Story.
Tell
stories
that
engage
the
audience.
How
to
Stop
Some
things
to
keep
in
mind
about
concluding
a
talk:
1.
Deliver
on
your
promise
made
at
the
beginning.
Remind
them
what
it
was
and
summarize
how
you
satisfied
it.
2.
Tell
a
joke.
They
know
you
now.
And
if
they
leave
happy
they
will
assume
the
entire
talk
made
them
happy.
3.
Call
for
questions.
4.
Don’t
thank
the
audience.
It
makes
it
seem
like
they
did
you
a
favor
by
listening
to
your
boring
babble.
5.
End
with
a
salute.
Compliment
without
thanking.
(i.e.,“You’ve
been
a
great
audience,I
hope
you
learned
a
lot
about
how
to
give
a
great
talk.”)