高二上学期英语语法总结要点 本文关键词:高二,上学期,要点,英语语法
高二上学期英语语法总结要点 本文简介:高二上学期英语语法总结Grammarfocus语法重点1.Thesimplepassiveformoftheinfinitives.不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。2.Fourfunctionsoftheinfinitivesusedassubject,attribute,objectandad
高二上学期英语语法总结要点 本文内容:
高二上学期英语语法总结
Grammar
focus语法重点
1.The
simple
passive
form
of
the
infinitives.
不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。
2.Four
functions
of
the
infinitives
used
as
subject,attribute,object
and
adverbial.用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。
本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式,具体讲解如下:
①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:
To
be
obeyed
was
natural
to
her.她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语)
The
problem
remained
to
be
solved.这个问题还有待解决。(作表语)
It
needs
not
to
be
said
that
they
are
very
happy
together.
不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语)
There
were
plans
to
be
made
at
once.要立即制定计划。(作定语)
He
has
returned
only
to
be
sent
away
again.
他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)
The
captain
ordered
the
flag
to
be
hoisted.
船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)
The
book
is
intended
to
be
read
and
not
to
be
torn.
这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)
②在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式。如:
What
is
to
pay?要付多少钱?
The
reason
is
not
far
to
seek.道理很浅显。
He
gave
me
some
books
to
read.他给了我一些书读。
We
found
the
report
easy
to
understand.我们发现这些报告很容易懂。
不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下:
由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。但由于时间关系,今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。
1)作主语。如:
To
see
is
to
believe.眼见为实。
To
serve
the
people
is
our
duty.为人民服务是我们的职责。
在日常英语中,常用it作为语法上的主语,即形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面。
It
is
our
duty
to
serve
the
people.为人民服务是我们的职责。
2)作宾语。如:
I
couldn
t
afford
to
buy
a
new
car.我买不起汽车。
Have
you
decided
to
marry
him?你决定嫁给他吗?
有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等。
另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用it代表不定式作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如:
I
thought
it
right
to
do
this
test.我认为做这项实验是对的。
3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如:
This
is
the
best
way
to
solve
this
problem.
这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
I
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.我有许多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不及物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词。如:
He
is
a
good
comrade
to
work
with.他是一个很好共事的同志。
There
is
nothing
to
think
about.没什么值得考虑的。
4)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。如:
He
went
home
to
see
his
parents.他回家看望父母。(表目的)
I
turned
the
radio
down
so
as
not
to
disturb
you.
我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你。(表目的)
The
problem
is
too
hard
to
understand.
这问题太难了,理解不了。(表结果)
What
have
I
done
to
make
you
unhappy?
我做了什么事使你不高兴?(表结果)
I
m
glad
to
hear
the
news.听了这消息,我很高兴。(表原因)
I
was
surprised
to
see
him
there.
我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)
Grammar
focus语法重点
The
past
participle
used
as
attribute
and
predicative
用作定语和表语的过去分词
本单元的语法项目是过去分词作定语、表语。它们的用法讲解如下:
1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系,且表完成的状态;如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说,所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished,disappointed,excited,frightened,interested,pleased,surprised,tired,worried等既不表主动,又不表完成。此外,作定语的过去分词如果是单词,一般放在被修饰词的前面;作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语,一般放在被修饰词的后面。如:
We
need
more
qualified
teachers.我们需要更多的合格老师。
He
stepped
carelessly
on
some
broken
glass.
他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。
The
letter
written
by
my
brother
is
on
the
desk.
我兄弟写的信在桌子上。
The
TV
set
made
in
China
are
good
quality.
中国制造的电视机质量很好。
You
can
drink
boiled
water,not
boiling
water.
你可以喝白开水,但不可以喝沸腾的水。
From
his
disappointed
look,I
knew
he
didn
t
pass
the
examination.
从他的失望表情看,我知道他没通过考试。
2)作表语,过去分词作表语,多表示主语的状态。如:
This
machine
part
is
broken.这个机器零件坏了。
He
looked
very
excited.他看起来很激动。
有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。
Grammar
focus语法重点
The
Past
Participle
used
as
Object
Complement
用作宾补的过去分词
本单元的语法项目是过去分词作宾补,你能把它的用法讲解一下吗?
师:过去分词作宾补,与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。
1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补,它们是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think等
We
hear
the
music
played
by
the
band.我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。
I
found
her
greatly
changed.我发现她变化很大。
Everybody
thought
the
battle
lost.人人都认为这场战役输掉了。
2)作使役动词的宾补,它们是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help等
When
you
speak,you
have
to
make
yourself
understood.
说话时要让人听懂。
Please
keep
us
informed
of
the
latest
development.
请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。
I
must
get
my
bike
repaired.我必须请人修自行车。
3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补,它们是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。
I
don
t
want
any
of
you(to
be)involved
in
the
scandal.
我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。
The
viewers
wish
the
serial
film(to
be)continued.
观众们希望这部系列片继续下去。
She
needs
the
work(to
be)done
before
tomorrow.
他要此项工程明天以前完成。
Grammar
focus语法重点
The
Past
Participle
used
as
Adverbial
用作状语的过去分词
本单元课文中出现了许多过去分词作状语的句子,您能把这一语法现象讲解一下吗?
师:无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语,表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等,这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。下面我将举例说明。
1)表时间
(When
the
metal
is)Heated,the
metal
expands.加热后,这种金属会膨胀。(The
couple
took
good
care
of
the
baby
while(the
couple
was)occupied
by
their
work.这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。
像第二句那样当强调实践概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when,while。
2)表原因
(As
he
was)Greatly
surprised,he
couldn
t
say
a
word.
他大吃一惊,一时说不出话来。
(Because
she
was)Scolded
by
the
teacher,the
girl
felt
unfair.
那姑娘因受老师责备,而愤愤不平。
3)表让步
Even
if(I
were)invited,I
wouldn
t
go.即使受邀请,我也不愿去。
Though(they
were)defeated
again
and
again,they
went
on
fighting.尽管一再遭受挫败,他们仍然继续战斗。
4)表伴随
He
stared
at
me(he
was)astonished.他两眼瞪着我,惊恐万状。
Einstein
walked
along
the
street,(he
was)lost
in
thought.爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索中。
Grammar
focus语法重点
Noun
Clauses
introduced
by
relating
pronoun“that”
由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句
本单元的语法项目是关联词“that”引导的名词性从句,你能把它的内涵及用法讲解一下吗?
that引导名词性从句时,本身没有什么意思,它只起一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时,一般不可省略,且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面,前面用it代替that从句;当然,当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语;如主句是感叹句时,必须用it作形式主语,把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时,在不引起歧义的情况下,that可以省略;that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有:except、but、in等),如介词引导that从句作宾语,常常在其后加it,在加that从句作宾语。③that从句作表语从句,一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句,一般不可省略。请看下列例句:
That
we
shall
be
late
is
certain.=It
is
certain
that
we
shall
be
late.
我们要晚了,这是确定无疑的。
It
is
said
that
he
s
got
married.听说他结婚了。
How
strange
it
is
that
the
children
are
so
quiet!
真奇怪孩子们如此安静。
He
told
me(that)he
would
come
to
Gu
an
the
next
day.
他告诉我第二天他来固安。
He
did
come
here
in
that
he
had
another
thing
to
do.
他没来是因为他有其他事要做。
You
can
depend
on
it
that
he
is
a
millionaire.
你就放心吧,他是百万富翁。
The
fact
is
that
he
doesn
t
understand
English
at
all.
事实上他根本不懂英语。
I
know
the
fact
that
the
doesn
t
understand
English
at
all.
我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。
如何区别
where
引导的定语从句与状语从句
1.where
引导定语从句时,where
是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词,where
引导的从句修饰先行词。例如:
The
bookshop
where
I
bought
this
book
is
not
far
from
here.
我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。
This
is
the
house
where
I
lived
two
years
ago.
这就是我两年前住的那所房子。
We
will
start
at
the
point
where
we
left
off.
我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。
2.where
引导状语从句时,where
是从属连词,where
引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词,where
前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如:
Wuhan
lies
where
the
Changjiang
River
and
the
Han
Jiang
River
meet.
武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。
Mark
a
mark
where
you
have
any
doubts
or
questions.在有疑问的地方做一个记号。
I
found
my
books
where
I
had
left
them.我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。
有时,where
引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义,可放在主句的前面,而
where
引导的定语从句则不能。例如:
Where
there
is
a
will,there
is
a
way.(谚语)有志者事竟成。
Where
there
is
water,there
is
life.有水的地方就有生命。
3.在有些情况下,where
引导的定语从句可转换为
where
引导的地点状语从句。例如:
A
tall
building
was
put
up
at
the
place
where
there
used
to
be
a
desert.(
=
A
tall
building
was
put
up
where
there
used
to
be
a
desert.)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。
Bamboo
grows
best
in
places
where
it
is
warm
and
where
it
rains
often.(
=
Bamboo
grows
best
where
it
is
warm
and
where
it
rains
often.温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。
Grammar
focus语法重点
Noun
Clauses
Introduced
by
Question
Words
由疑问词引导的名词性从句
[讲解]由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句,偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时,其句型结构应该采用以下两种:
1.疑问词
+
主语
+
谓语动词
+
其他
2.本身是主语的疑问词
+
谓语动词
+
其他
不管采用哪种句型,其词序总是正装的,即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。
[例句]
1)What
you
need
is
more
practice.(主语从句)
2)What
is
hard
is
to
do
good
all
one
s
life
and
never
do
anything
bad.(主语从句)
3)I
can
t
imagine
when
we
will
be
able
to
travel
in
space.(动词宾语从句)
4)This
reminded
me
of
what
he
had
once
told
us.(介词宾语从句)
5)The
problem
is
whether
robots
will
be
smarter
than
humans.(表语从句)
6)Scientists
have
not
found
answers
to
the
question
why
there
is
no
life
on
Mars.(同位语从句)
Grammar
focus语法重点
虚拟语气
语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。本单元所讲的是虚拟语气。
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。
本单元要学习关于虚拟语气的以下三个用法:
1.虚拟语气在一般现在时的条件句和主句中的谓语动词的形式如下:
从
句
主
句
过去式(be用were)
would
+
动词原形
[例句]
1)If
I
knew
German,I
would
read
Das
Capital
in
the
original.
要是我懂德文,我就读《资本论》的原文。
2)If
he
were
here
now,everything
would
be
all
right.
要是他现在在这儿,一切就都没问题了。
3)How
nice
it
would
be
if
I
could
stay
a
bit
longer!
2.虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。
如果该宾语从句表示一般现在时,其动词一律用其过去式形式,be用were;如果该从句表示一般过去时,其动词形式要用:had
+
过去分词;如果该从句表示现在进行时,其动词形式要用were/was
+
现在分词;如果该从句表示一般将来时,其动词形式要用:would/could
+
动词原形。
[例句]
1)I
wish
I
were/was
as
strong
as
you.
2)I
wish
I
remembered
his
phone
number.
3)I
wish
I
had
not
forgotten
his
address
the
other
day.
4)How
I
wish
it
weren
t/wasn
t
raining
now!
5)I
wish
he
would
try
again.
3.虚拟语气在含有as
if引导的从句中的动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式相同。
1)He
acts
as
if
he
were/was
an
expert.
2)It
seems
as
if
it
were/was
spring.
3)They
are
talking
as
if
they
had
been
friends
for
years.
Grammar
focus语法重点
Subjunctive
Mood
in
the
Past
Tense
and
the
Future
Tense
一般过去时与一般将来时中的虚拟语气
[
]表示过去情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中谓语动词的主要形式如下:
从
句
主
句
had
+
过去分词
would
have
+
过去分词
[例句]
1.If
we
had
left
a
little
earlier,we
would
have
caught
the
train.
2.If
I
hadn
t
taken
your
advice,I
would
have
made
a
bad
mistake.
3.You
wouldn
t
have
caught
cold
if
you
had
put
on
more
clothes.
[
]表示将来情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中的谓语动词的主要形式如下:
从
句
主
句
were
to/should
+
动词原形
would
+
动词原形
[例句]
1.If
I
were
to
study
at
Harvard
University
next
year,I
would
major
in
biology.
2.If
he
were
to/should
travel
on
Mars
in
the
future,he
would
drive
a
space
wagon
all
over
it.
注:在虚拟条件中,有时可以把表示假设的从属连词if省掉不用,在此语境中,就把从句中的助动词had,should或were移至其主语前,如:
1.Had
we
made
enough
preparations,we
might
have
succeeded
in
doing
the
experiment.
2.Were
they
to
act
like
that
again,we
would/should
criticize
them
severely.
3.Should
we
fail
again
next
time,we
wouldn
t
lose
courage.
Grammar
focus语法重点
Inversion
倒装
主语与谓语有两种顺序:一是主语在前,这和汉语是一致的,称为自然语序或正装语序。反之,如果谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前,就是倒装语序。
产出倒装语序主要有两个原因:语法结构的要求;第二种则是修辞上措辞和安排的需要。下面就是按两种要求讲授本单元有关倒装语序的知识。
1.主谓倒装
A)凡表方位、方向或时间的副词或介词词组处于句首时往往引起主谓倒装。如:
1)There
exist
different
opinions
on
this
question.
关于这个问题存在着不同的意见。
2)Here
comes
the
old
lady.那位老太太来了。
3)Then
came
the
hour
we
had
been
looking
forward
to.
我们期待的时刻到来了。
4)Up
went
the
arrow
into
the
air.
飕的一声箭射上了天空。
5)Now
comes
your
turn.现在轮到你了。
6)Through
the
air
hurtled
a
jet-plane.
呼地一声在天空中飞过一架喷气式飞机。
B)否定词置于句首,引起部分倒装(助动词或情态动词移至主语前),如:
1)Never
before
has
our
country
been
so
prosperous.
我们的国家从来没有这样繁荣昌盛。
2)Hardly
did
I
think
it
possible.我几乎认为这是不可能的。
3)On
no
account
should
we
follow
blindly.我们决不应盲从。
C)“only
+
状语”置于句首引起部分倒装,如:
1)Only
after
a
bitter
struggle
was
the
aim
achieved.
只有在艰苦斗争之后这一目标才得以实现。
2)Only
in
this
way
can
we
hope
to
improve
the
situation
there.
只有用这种方式我们才有可能改善那里的局势。
D)省略了if的虚拟条件句中要用部分倒装,如:
1)Should
anyone
phone
me,tell
him
to
call
me
again
in
two
hours
time.
万一有人给我打电话,叫他两小时以后再给我打。
2)Had
I
been
informed
earlier,I
might
not
have
bought
the
air
ticket.
要是早点通知我,我就可能不买那机票了。
2.表语倒装
当表语置于句首,其系动词也就随之移至主语前形成完全倒装,如:
1)Near
the
southern
end
of
the
village
was
a
large
apple
orchard.
靠近村子南头是一个很大的苹果园。
2)Among
its
exhibits
are
computers
and
mobile
phones
made
in
China.
在展品中有中国制造的电脑和手机。
3)Their
grandparents
are
very
warm-hearted,as
are
their
parents.
他们的祖父母是非常热心的人,他们的父母也一样。
Grammar
focus语法重点
Ellipsis省略
在有些英语句子中,某些成分被省略掉了,这样的句子称为省略句(Elliptical
Sentences)。一般说来在上下文已经交待清楚的情况下,可以省略那些已经提到的或不言而喻的部分。
省略是避免重复、突出重要内容和使上下文紧密连接的一种语言手段。
省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。
一、常被省略的部分
1.省略主语
Beg
your
pardon?请再说一遍。(省略I)
2.省略谓语或谓语的一部分
He
is
a
doctor
and
his
wife
a
teacher.
他是医生,他妻子是老师。(省略is)
I
will
do
the
best
I
can.我将尽力而为。(省略do)
3.省略表语
表语的省略指的是:在主系表句子中,回答其问句时省略表语。这种省略已成固定格式,如果不省略反而不成句子习惯。There
be句型的回答以及其反意问句的后半部分也要用省略式。
—Are
you
hungry?你饿吗?
—Yes,I
am.(hungry).我饿。
4.省略宾语
This
is
the
book(that)you
re
looking
for.
5.主语和谓语(系动词)一起省略
—What
would
you
like
to
eat?—你要吃什么?
—(I
would
like)Rice
and
meat.—米饭和肉。
6.在if,when,though,as
if等引导的从句中,如果其谓语动词是be,可将主语一起省略。Don
t
speak
while(you
are)eating.吃饭时别说话。
7.一般疑问句的省略回答中动词只用系动词、情态动词、助动词
Can
you
swim?Yes,I
can/No,I
can
t.
8.只保留一个主要句子成分,其余全部省略。
What
did
you
get?A
book.(保留宾语)
Wait!(保留谓语)
9.the
reason
why,the
time
when等限定性定语从句中可省略关系副词。
This
is
the
place(where)we
came
last
month.
这就是我们上个月来过的地方。
That
was
the
reason(why)he
had
not
arrived
on
time.
这就是他没按时到达的原因。