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高二上学期英语语法总结要点

高二上学期英语语法总结要点 本文关键词:高二,上学期,要点,英语语法

高二上学期英语语法总结要点 本文简介:高二上学期英语语法总结Grammarfocus语法重点1.Thesimplepassiveformoftheinfinitives.不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。2.Fourfunctionsoftheinfinitivesusedassubject,attribute,objectandad

高二上学期英语语法总结要点 本文内容:

高二上学期英语语法总结

Grammar

focus语法重点

1.The

simple

passive

form

of

the

infinitives.

不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。

2.Four

functions

of

the

infinitives

used

as

subject,attribute,object

and

adverbial.用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。

本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式,具体讲解如下:

①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如:

To

be

obeyed

was

natural

to

her.她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语)

The

problem

remained

to

be

solved.这个问题还有待解决。(作表语)

It

needs

not

to

be

said

that

they

are

very

happy

together.

不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语)

There

were

plans

to

be

made

at

once.要立即制定计划。(作定语)

He

has

returned

only

to

be

sent

away

again.

他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)

The

captain

ordered

the

flag

to

be

hoisted.

船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)

The

book

is

intended

to

be

read

and

not

to

be

torn.

这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)

②在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式。如:

What

is

to

pay?要付多少钱?

The

reason

is

not

far

to

seek.道理很浅显。

He

gave

me

some

books

to

read.他给了我一些书读。

We

found

the

report

easy

to

understand.我们发现这些报告很容易懂。

不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下:

由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。但由于时间关系,今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。

1)作主语。如:

To

see

is

to

believe.眼见为实。

To

serve

the

people

is

our

duty.为人民服务是我们的职责

在日常英语中,常用it作为语法上的主语,即形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面。

It

is

our

duty

to

serve

the

people.为人民服务是我们的职责。

2)作宾语。如:

I

couldn

t

afford

to

buy

a

new

car.我买不起汽车。

Have

you

decided

to

marry

him?你决定嫁给他吗?

有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等。

另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用it代表不定式作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如:

I

thought

it

right

to

do

this

test.我认为做这项实验是对的。

3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如:

This

is

the

best

way

to

solve

this

problem.

这是解决这个问题的最好办法。

I

have

a

lot

of

work

to

do.我有许多工作要做。

如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不及物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词。如:

He

is

a

good

comrade

to

work

with.他是一个很好共事的同志。

There

is

nothing

to

think

about.没什么值得考虑的。

4)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。如:

He

went

home

to

see

his

parents.他回家看望父母。(表目的)

I

turned

the

radio

down

so

as

not

to

disturb

you.

我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你。(表目的)

The

problem

is

too

hard

to

understand.

这问题太难了,理解不了。(表结果)

What

have

I

done

to

make

you

unhappy?

我做了什么事使你不高兴?(表结果)

I

m

glad

to

hear

the

news.听了这消息,我很高兴。(表原因)

I

was

surprised

to

see

him

there.

我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)

Grammar

focus语法重点

The

past

participle

used

as

attribute

and

predicative

用作定语和表语的过去分词

本单元的语法项目是过去分词作定语、表语。它们的用法讲解如下:

1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系,且表完成的状态;如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说,所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished,disappointed,excited,frightened,interested,pleased,surprised,tired,worried等既不表主动,又不表完成。此外,作定语的过去分词如果是单词,一般放在被修饰词的前面;作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语,一般放在被修饰词的后面。如:

We

need

more

qualified

teachers.我们需要更多的合格老师。

He

stepped

carelessly

on

some

broken

glass.

他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。

The

letter

written

by

my

brother

is

on

the

desk.

我兄弟写的信在桌子上。

The

TV

set

made

in

China

are

good

quality.

中国制造的电视机质量很好。

You

can

drink

boiled

water,not

boiling

water.

你可以喝白开水,但不可以喝沸腾的水。

From

his

disappointed

look,I

knew

he

didn

t

pass

the

examination.

从他的失望表情看,我知道他没通过考试。

2)作表语,过去分词作表语,多表示主语的状态。如:

This

machine

part

is

broken.这个机器零件坏了。

He

looked

very

excited.他看起来很激动。

有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。

Grammar

focus语法重点

The

Past

Participle

used

as

Object

Complement

用作宾补的过去分词

本单元的语法项目是过去分词作宾补,你能把它的用法讲解一下吗?

师:过去分词作宾补,与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。

1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补,它们是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think等

We

hear

the

music

played

by

the

band.我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。

I

found

her

greatly

changed.我发现她变化很大。

Everybody

thought

the

battle

lost.人人都认为这场战役输掉了。

2)作使役动词的宾补,它们是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help等

When

you

speak,you

have

to

make

yourself

understood.

说话时要让人听懂。

Please

keep

us

informed

of

the

latest

development.

请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。

I

must

get

my

bike

repaired.我必须请人修自行车。

3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补,它们是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。

I

don

t

want

any

of

you(to

be)involved

in

the

scandal.

我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。

The

viewers

wish

the

serial

film(to

be)continued.

观众们希望这部系列片继续下去。

She

needs

the

work(to

be)done

before

tomorrow.

他要此项工程明天以前完成。

Grammar

focus语法重点

The

Past

Participle

used

as

Adverbial

用作状语的过去分词

本单元课文中出现了许多过去分词作状语的句子,您能把这一语法现象讲解一下吗?

师:无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语,表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等,这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。下面我将举例说明。

1)表时间

(When

the

metal

is)Heated,the

metal

expands.加热后,这种金属会膨胀。(The

couple

took

good

care

of

the

baby

while(the

couple

was)occupied

by

their

work.这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。

像第二句那样当强调实践概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when,while。

2)表原因

(As

he

was)Greatly

surprised,he

couldn

t

say

a

word.

他大吃一惊,一时说不出话来。

(Because

she

was)Scolded

by

the

teacher,the

girl

felt

unfair.

那姑娘因受老师责备,而愤愤不平。

3)表让步

Even

if(I

were)invited,I

wouldn

t

go.即使受邀请,我也不愿去。

Though(they

were)defeated

again

and

again,they

went

on

fighting.尽管一再遭受挫败,他们仍然继续战斗。

4)表伴随

He

stared

at

me(he

was)astonished.他两眼瞪着我,惊恐万状。

Einstein

walked

along

the

street,(he

was)lost

in

thought.爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索中。

Grammar

focus语法重点

Noun

Clauses

introduced

by

relating

pronoun“that”

由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句

本单元的语法项目是关联词“that”引导的名词性从句,你能把它的内涵及用法讲解一下吗?

that引导名词性从句时,本身没有什么意思,它只起一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时,一般不可省略,且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面,前面用it代替that从句;当然,当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语;如主句是感叹句时,必须用it作形式主语,把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时,在不引起歧义的情况下,that可以省略;that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有:except、but、in等),如介词引导that从句作宾语,常常在其后加it,在加that从句作宾语。③that从句作表语从句,一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句,一般不可省略。请看下列例句:

That

we

shall

be

late

is

certain.=It

is

certain

that

we

shall

be

late.

我们要晚了,这是确定无疑的。

It

is

said

that

he

s

got

married.听说他结婚了。

How

strange

it

is

that

the

children

are

so

quiet!

真奇怪孩子们如此安静。

He

told

me(that)he

would

come

to

Gu

an

the

next

day.

他告诉我第二天他来固安。

He

did

come

here

in

that

he

had

another

thing

to

do.

他没来是因为他有其他事要做。

You

can

depend

on

it

that

he

is

a

millionaire.

你就放心吧,他是百万富翁。

The

fact

is

that

he

doesn

t

understand

English

at

all.

事实上他根本不懂英语。

I

know

the

fact

that

the

doesn

t

understand

English

at

all.

我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。

如何区别

where

引导的定语从句与状语从句

1.where

引导定语从句时,where

是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其前面有表示地点的先行词,where

引导的从句修饰先行词。例如:

The

bookshop

where

I

bought

this

book

is

not

far

from

here.

我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。

This

is

the

house

where

I

lived

two

years

ago.

这就是我两年前住的那所房子。

We

will

start

at

the

point

where

we

left

off.

我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。

2.where

引导状语从句时,where

是从属连词,where

引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词,where

前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如:

Wuhan

lies

where

the

Changjiang

River

and

the

Han

Jiang

River

meet.

武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。

Mark

a

mark

where

you

have

any

doubts

or

questions.在有疑问的地方做一个记号。

I

found

my

books

where

I

had

left

them.我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。

有时,where

引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义,可放在主句的前面,而

where

引导的定语从句则不能。例如:

Where

there

is

a

will,there

is

a

way.(谚语)有志者事竟成。

Where

there

is

water,there

is

life.有水的地方就有生命。

3.在有些情况下,where

引导的定语从句可转换为

where

引导的地点状语从句。例如:

A

tall

building

was

put

up

at

the

place

where

there

used

to

be

a

desert.(

=

A

tall

building

was

put

up

where

there

used

to

be

a

desert.)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。

Bamboo

grows

best

in

places

where

it

is

warm

and

where

it

rains

often.(

=

Bamboo

grows

best

where

it

is

warm

and

where

it

rains

often.温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。

Grammar

focus语法重点

Noun

Clauses

Introduced

by

Question

Words

由疑问词引导的名词性从句

[讲解]由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句,偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时,其句型结构应该采用以下两种:

1.疑问词

+

主语

+

谓语动词

+

其他

2.本身是主语的疑问词

+

谓语动词

+

其他

不管采用哪种句型,其词序总是正装的,即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。

[例句]

1)What

you

need

is

more

practice.(主语从句)

2)What

is

hard

is

to

do

good

all

one

s

life

and

never

do

anything

bad.(主语从句)

3)I

can

t

imagine

when

we

will

be

able

to

travel

in

space.(动词宾语从句)

4)This

reminded

me

of

what

he

had

once

told

us.(介词宾语从句)

5)The

problem

is

whether

robots

will

be

smarter

than

humans.(表语从句)

6)Scientists

have

not

found

answers

to

the

question

why

there

is

no

life

on

Mars.(同位语从句)

Grammar

focus语法重点

虚拟语气

语气是一种动词形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气:陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。本单元所讲的是虚拟语气。

虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。

本单元要学习关于虚拟语气的以下三个用法:

1.虚拟语气在一般现在时的条件句和主句中的谓语动词的形式如下:

过去式(be用were)

would

+

动词原形

[例句]

1)If

I

knew

German,I

would

read

Das

Capital

in

the

original.

要是我懂德文,我就读《资本论》的原文。

2)If

he

were

here

now,everything

would

be

all

right.

要是他现在在这儿,一切就都没问题了。

3)How

nice

it

would

be

if

I

could

stay

a

bit

longer!

2.虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。

如果该宾语从句表示一般现在时,其动词一律用其过去式形式,be用were;如果该从句表示一般过去时,其动词形式要用:had

+

过去分词;如果该从句表示现在进行时,其动词形式要用were/was

+

现在分词;如果该从句表示一般将来时,其动词形式要用:would/could

+

动词原形。

[例句]

1)I

wish

I

were/was

as

strong

as

you.

2)I

wish

I

remembered

his

phone

number.

3)I

wish

I

had

not

forgotten

his

address

the

other

day.

4)How

I

wish

it

weren

t/wasn

t

raining

now!

5)I

wish

he

would

try

again.

3.虚拟语气在含有as

if引导的从句中的动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式相同。

1)He

acts

as

if

he

were/was

an

expert.

2)It

seems

as

if

it

were/was

spring.

3)They

are

talking

as

if

they

had

been

friends

for

years.

Grammar

focus语法重点

Subjunctive

Mood

in

the

Past

Tense

and

the

Future

Tense

一般过去时与一般将来时中的虚拟语气

[

]表示过去情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中谓语动词的主要形式如下:

had

+

过去分词

would

have

+

过去分词

[例句]

1.If

we

had

left

a

little

earlier,we

would

have

caught

the

train.

2.If

I

hadn

t

taken

your

advice,I

would

have

made

a

bad

mistake.

3.You

wouldn

t

have

caught

cold

if

you

had

put

on

more

clothes.

[

]表示将来情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中的谓语动词的主要形式如下:

were

to/should

+

动词原形

would

+

动词原形

[例句]

1.If

I

were

to

study

at

Harvard

University

next

year,I

would

major

in

biology.

2.If

he

were

to/should

travel

on

Mars

in

the

future,he

would

drive

a

space

wagon

all

over

it.

注:在虚拟条件中,有时可以把表示假设的从属连词if省掉不用,在此语境中,就把从句中的助动词had,should或were移至其主语前,如:

1.Had

we

made

enough

preparations,we

might

have

succeeded

in

doing

the

experiment.

2.Were

they

to

act

like

that

again,we

would/should

criticize

them

severely.

3.Should

we

fail

again

next

time,we

wouldn

t

lose

courage.

Grammar

focus语法重点

Inversion

倒装

主语与谓语有两种顺序:一是主语在前,这和汉语是一致的,称为自然语序或正装语序。反之,如果谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前,就是倒装语序。

产出倒装语序主要有两个原因:语法结构的要求;第二种则是修辞上措辞和安排的需要。下面就是按两种要求讲授本单元有关倒装语序的知识。

1.主谓倒装

A)凡表方位、方向或时间的副词或介词词组处于句首时往往引起主谓倒装。如:

1)There

exist

different

opinions

on

this

question.

关于这个问题存在着不同的意见。

2)Here

comes

the

old

lady.那位老太太来了。

3)Then

came

the

hour

we

had

been

looking

forward

to.

我们期待的时刻到来了。

4)Up

went

the

arrow

into

the

air.

飕的一声箭射上了天空。

5)Now

comes

your

turn.现在轮到你了。

6)Through

the

air

hurtled

a

jet-plane.

呼地一声在天空中飞过一架喷气式飞机。

B)否定词置于句首,引起部分倒装(助动词或情态动词移至主语前),如:

1)Never

before

has

our

country

been

so

prosperous.

我们的国家从来没有这样繁荣昌盛。

2)Hardly

did

I

think

it

possible.我几乎认为这是不可能的。

3)On

no

account

should

we

follow

blindly.我们决不应盲从。

C)“only

+

状语”置于句首引起部分倒装,如:

1)Only

after

a

bitter

struggle

was

the

aim

achieved.

只有在艰苦斗争之后这一目标才得以实现。

2)Only

in

this

way

can

we

hope

to

improve

the

situation

there.

只有用这种方式我们才有可能改善那里的局势。

D)省略了if的虚拟条件句中要用部分倒装,如:

1)Should

anyone

phone

me,tell

him

to

call

me

again

in

two

hours

time.

万一有人给我打电话,叫他两小时以后再给我打。

2)Had

I

been

informed

earlier,I

might

not

have

bought

the

air

ticket.

要是早点通知我,我就可能不买那机票了。

2.表语倒装

当表语置于句首,其系动词也就随之移至主语前形成完全倒装,如:

1)Near

the

southern

end

of

the

village

was

a

large

apple

orchard.

靠近村子南头是一个很大的苹果园。

2)Among

its

exhibits

are

computers

and

mobile

phones

made

in

China.

在展品中有中国制造的电脑和手机。

3)Their

grandparents

are

very

warm-hearted,as

are

their

parents.

他们的祖父母是非常热心的人,他们的父母也一样。

Grammar

focus语法重点

Ellipsis省略

在有些英语句子中,某些成分被省略掉了,这样的句子称为省略句(Elliptical

Sentences)。一般说来在上下文已经交待清楚的情况下,可以省略那些已经提到的或不言而喻的部分。

省略是避免重复、突出重要内容和使上下文紧密连接的一种语言手段。

省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。

一、常被省略的部分

1.省略主语

Beg

your

pardon?请再说一遍。(省略I)

2.省略谓语或谓语的一部分

He

is

a

doctor

and

his

wife

a

teacher.

他是医生,他妻子是老师。(省略is)

I

will

do

the

best

I

can.我将尽力而为。(省略do)

3.省略表语

表语的省略指的是:在主系表句子中,回答其问句时省略表语。这种省略已成固定格式,如果不省略反而不成句子习惯。There

be句型的回答以及其反意问句的后半部分也要用省略式。

—Are

you

hungry?你饿吗?

—Yes,I

am.(hungry).我饿。

4.省略宾语

This

is

the

book(that)you

re

looking

for.

5.主语和谓语(系动词)一起省略

—What

would

you

like

to

eat?—你要吃什么?

—(I

would

like)Rice

and

meat.—米饭和肉。

6.在if,when,though,as

if等引导的从句中,如果其谓语动词是be,可将主语一起省略。Don

t

speak

while(you

are)eating.吃饭时别说话。

7.一般疑问句的省略回答中动词只用系动词、情态动词、助动词

Can

you

swim?Yes,I

can/No,I

can

t.

8.只保留一个主要句子成分,其余全部省略。

What

did

you

get?A

book.(保留宾语)

Wait!(保留谓语)

9.the

reason

why,the

time

when等限定性定语从句中可省略关系副词。

This

is

the

place(where)we

came

last

month.

这就是我们上个月来过的地方。

That

was

the

reason(why)he

had

not

arrived

on

time.

这就是他没按时到达的原因。

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