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托福历年词汇题总结

日期:2020-06-07  类别:最新范文  编辑:一流范文网  【下载本文Word版

托福历年词汇题总结 本文关键词:托福,历年,词汇

托福历年词汇题总结 本文简介:历年词汇题总结Inaccessible难以接近的:unreachableExtracting提取,提炼:removingStrength基础:basisSurging激增,迅速上升:acceleratingTrend倾向,趋势:tendencyPeak最高点,最高峰:maximumPriorto在前

托福历年词汇题总结 本文内容:

历年词汇题总结

Inaccessible

难以接近的:unreachable

Extracting

提取,提炼:removing

Strength

基础:basis

Surging

激增,迅速上升:accelerating

Trend

倾向,趋势:tendency

Peak

最高点,最高峰:maximum

Prior

to

在前,局先:preceding

Advocates

提倡者,赞成者:proponents

Unsubstantiated

无确实根据的,未经证实的:unverified

Maintain

维持:preserve

Considerable

极其,相当,大量:substantial

Enactment

制定,执行:performance

Staggering

令人惊愕的:overwhelming

Devastated

毁坏:ruined

Demonstrate

证明,示威:showed

Extend

延伸,扩展:stretch

Vast

巨大的,辽阔的:large

Sparked

发动,鼓舞:brought

about

Potential

潜在的,可能的:possible

Outstanding

突出的,显著的:excellent

Account

for

解释,说明:explain

Picking

up

沿着:following

A

supremacy至高,霸权:a

dominance

Supplanted代替:replaced

Myriad无数:many

Supreme最高的:most

outstanding

Settle解决,决定:decide

Ascending

上升,攀登:climbing

Solemn

严肃的:serious

Composed创作,作曲:created

Scores

乐谱:music

composition

Comprises

包含,由,构成:consists

of

Intense

剧烈的:extreme

Margins

空白:edges

Support

支撑:hold

Appreciation

感激,评价,欣赏:recognition

Bias

偏见:prejudice

Prevailing

流行的:most

frequent

Accumulated

积聚,堆积:collected

Related

有关系得:connected

Supported

支撑:upheld

Forward-looking

向前看的:progressive

进步的

Rudimentary

不发达的,未发展的:undeveloped

Sole

唯一的:only

Subsidizes

资助:finance

Rotates

旋转:alternates

Implements

玩具:tools

Clues

线索:information

Hemispheres

半球:sides

Subject

to

遭受:susceptible

to

Puncture

刺穿:pierce

Dramatic

戏剧性的,显著的:striking

Characterized

不同,区别于其他:distinguished

Bizarre

古怪的:odd

Casts

off

抛弃:gets

rid

of

Homogeneous

一致的,同一的:uniform

Largely

renounces

基本上拒绝:generally

rejects

Prevail

流行,支配控制:dominates

Subtle

轻微的,精细的:slight

Compile

收集,积累:put

together

Raw

未加工的,为处理的:unprocessed

Prospect

前景,可能性:possibility

Roughly

大约地:approximately

Magnify

增加,扩大:increase

Distinction

不同,区别:differences

Fused

结合:combined

Lure

吸引:attract

Placed

放置:deposited

Discrete

分泌:separate

Overtaxed

负担沉重的:heavily

burdened

Inadequate

不充足的:deficient

Inevitable

不可避免地:unavoidably

Lamented

不满,抱怨:complaint

about

First

rank

最高水平:highest

quality

Faded

from

消失于:disappeared

from

Novel

创新的,新颖的:innovative

Stationary

固定的:fixed

Vessel

船只:craft

Smothering

窒息的:eliminatedsulfured

硫的

helium

methane

甲烷

amino

acid

氨基酸

periodical

期刊

frontier

边疆

individualism

个人主义

continental(plate)

drift

大陆漂移

granite

花岗岩

social

contract

社会契约

sentimental

style

情感方式(本善,本恶)

goodness

nature

&

evil

nature

善与恶,恶性是受influence和lure造成的

pottery

陶土

poetry

basketry

竹篮

part

time

兼职

Doldrums

赤道无风带

horizontal

水平的

imitation

赝品

weather

aging

风化年代

Weaver织布机

Navajo

纳瓦获人

loom

织布机

innovation

革新

subdue

color温色

barter易货

blanket(毛毯)

Invasive侵入的

field

house

储藏室

astrobiology

天文生物学

laptop

笔记本电脑

implicit

memory含蓄的记忆(内显记忆)

explicit

memory

外显记忆

maple

tree

枫树

sap

树液

patent

专利

wallpaper墙纸

rock

stratum

岩层

Signal

transduction

信号传导

spectrum

光谱

pit

organ

蛇的陷器官

dim

sighted

昏花

nomadic

tribe

游牧民族

Mercenary

雇佣兵

well井

shaft

bill账单

rent

bill房租账单

account

账单

insulation

隔离

respiratory

structure

呼吸结构

mentor导师

resilient

恢复力强的

frustration

挫折

perspective

透视,展望,有希望的

Dictates

决定

determines

Witnessed

看到

observed

A

break

with

分开

a

departure

from

Conserve

维持,保留

retain

Magnified

加强,加剧

intensified

Forage

觅食

feed

Counteracted

否定,抵消

negated

In

season

应季

a

particular

time

of

year

Fixture

寻常物品

commonplace

object

Nevertheless

但是

however

Rotates

转动,改变

turns

Readily

容易地,欣然地

easily

Constituting

组成

making

up

Pits

洞,坑

holes

Disputes

争论

arguments

Unrestricted

不受限制的

unlimited

Snap

折断

break

Fed

吃/放入

put

Exposed

to

易受影响的,受支配

subjected

to

Exert

引起,导致

cause

Diffuses

穿过,扩散

travels

Rapture

破裂

burst

Miniscule

微小的

tiny

Enables

使能够

allows

Aesthetically

美学的,艺术的

artistically

Refreshing

非同寻常的,耳目一新的

unusual

Devote

奉献

dedicate

Bound

系,绑

tied

Assembling

聚集

gathering

Adorned

装修

decorated

Attire

服装

clothing

Unravel

揭露

discover

Mundane

平凡的

ordinary

Gap

空隙

opening

Discards

抛弃

gets

rid

of

Deft

灵巧的

skilled

Robust

强壮的

strong

Heralded

宣布

announced

Position

职位

job

Major

主要的

principal

Symmetrical

比例平衡的,对称的

proportionally

balanced

Obvious

明显的

apparent

Dominated

占支配地位的

were

prevalent

in

Monopolized

垄断

dominated

Factions

部分

sides

Flattering

赞美

complimentary

Disseminated

分散

spread

Accelerated

加速

increased

Given

way

to

替代

been

replaced

by

Reliance

依赖

dependence

Picture

想象

imagine

Emit

发出

give

off

Glowing

发光的

shining

Influx

流入,到达

arrival

Extraordinary

异常的

exceptional

Era

时代

period

of

time

Intriguing

吸引人的

attractive

Conclusive

总结性的

definitive

Preoccupation

卷入involvement

Primary

基本的fundamental

Entire

整个whole

Bring

about

引起

cause

Temping

吸引人的

attractive

Reckless

不负责任的

irresponsible

Concomitant

with

同时发生的,与之伴随的

in

conjunction

with

Skyrocketing

迅速上升

increasing

rapidly

Extolling

高度赞扬praising

Roughly

大约harshly

Reaped

获得gained

Interchangeable

互换的,等同于

equivalent

Classified

分类

categorized

Incinerated

itself

燃烧

burn

up

Securing

获得

acquiring

Implications

意义

significant

Hinterland

腹地,内地贸易区

region

Persisted

坚持,持续

continued

Undergoing

经历,遭受

experiencing

Suspend

悬挂,延迟

hang

Fatal

致命的

deadly

Secure

安全的

safe

Sorted

out

分类,挑练

separated

Dampened

使潮湿

moistened

Fine

细微的

tiny

Derived

起源,得自

obtained

Drastically

激烈的,彻底的severely

Coincided

with

一致,符合

happened

at

the

same

time

Supplement

补充

add

to

Contemporary

当代的,同时代的

written

at

the

same

time

Prized

珍视

valued

Overtaken

超越,胜出surpassed

Intervals

间隔

periods

Freeing

解除

releasing

Plunge

投入,跳进

drop

Tangled缠结的,紊乱的

twisted

together

Concealed

隐藏

covered

Avail

themselves

利用

make

use

Accordingly

因此for

that

reason

Crucial至关重要的

important

Ponderous

笨重的heavy

Attained

达到,获得achieved

Abundant

丰富的,充裕的plentiful

Peculiar

独特的,奇异的strange

Meticulously小心翼翼的

carefully

Durability

经久,耐久力endurance

Incised雕刻的carved

Consumed消耗,吃eaten

Innovative

创新的

new

Extract

提取,提炼remove

Scorched烧焦burned

Consequence

结果result

Exceed超越,胜出go

beyond

Generated

产生

cause

Norm

标准

standard

Henceforth

今后

from

that

time

on

Mandated委托统治的recommended

Immutable

不可变的unchangeable

Revered

尊敬

respected

Consist

一致的,协调的constant

Intent

目的,意向

goal

Administered

管理

managed

Periphery

外围

outer

edge

Inception

起初beginning

Fabricating

构成,虚构constructing

Resort

to

采取using

Ingenuity

机灵,灵巧resourcefulness

Functional

有功能的,有用的usable

Significant

有意义的meaningful

Attained

获得reached

Flamed

燃烧burned

Encompass包围,环绕

include

Came

to

the

forefront

来到最前线/变得很重要

became

important

Hinged

on

依赖

depended

on

Lured

引诱attracted

Expendable消费品,可以牺牲的

nonessential

Notwithstanding

尽管despite

Intricate

错综复杂的complex

Random

任意的unpredictable

Optimal

最佳的,最理想的best

Urged

催促encouraged

Carried

on

继续

continued

Diverse

不同的varied

Ensures确保

guarantees

Suitable

合适的,适宜的appropriately

Scares

稀有rare

Resemble

类似look

like

Coarse

粗糙的crude

Brittle易碎的,脆弱的

easily

broken

Appreciated赏识,意识到

recognized

Merely

仅仅only

Emitting

发出producing

Spanning

跨越

cover

Pursue

追赶catch

Altogether

完全的completely

Intensive

集中的,透彻的concentrated

Prevailed

流行,盛行dominated

Depicted

描述described

Foremost

首要的

leading

Meteoric流星的,迅速的

rapid

Apace

with

快速的,急速的as

fast

as

Wider

宽广的more

extensive

Thereby

因此,在那方面by

that

means

Unique

唯一的,独特的singular

Rotting

腐烂的decaying

Key

关键的important

Converted修改

changed

Antecedent

先行的的,先辈predecessor

Appealing吸引人的

attractive

Local

场所place

Boosted推进

raised

Scope

范围extent

Prolific多产的,丰富的

productive

Eager

热心的,渴望的enthusiastic

Engaged使用,雇佣

hire

Subsequent后来的

later

Sums

总数amounts

Identical同样的

exactly

alike

Graphic生动的,鲜明的

vivid

Undoubtedly

毫无疑问的certainly

Components

组成部分parts

Besides

除此之外in

addition

to

Flourished繁荣,昌盛

thrived

Grumbled

抱怨,牢骚complained

Serve服务,适合

function

Sole

唯一的only

Detecting

发现finding

Sedentary久坐的,不活动的

inactive

Subjected

受影响的exposed

Essence

本质,精华basic

nature

Diverse

不同的different

Noted

注意到

observed

Emphasize

强调stress

Accessible易接近的,可靠近的available

Account

for

解释,说明explain

Smooth

operation

顺利进行

effective

functioning

Cluster

成群

group

Alert

警惕

ware

Scurrying

急跑,匆忙走rushing

Formidable

艰难地,令人敬畏的difficult

Intent

目的,意向

purpose

Regardless

of

不管,不顾no

matter

what

Marked

显著地noticeable

Confine

限制

restrict

Presumably

推测,大概

probably

Sustain

支撑,持续

support

Insignificant

无关紧要的unimportant

Ultimately

最后,最终

eventually

Demise

死亡

death

Convert

转变

change

Primarily

主要地,根本上

chiefly

Prevailing

流行的dominant

Undergone

经历

experienced

Vast

巨大的

great

Precarious

不稳定的

uncertain

Settled

固定的

stable

Chronicle

记载,记录,编年史

describe

Ornate

装饰的,华丽的

elaborate

Derived

from

起源

based

on

Various

不同的,多样的different

Account

for

解释

explain

Subjugated

征服

conquered

Synonymous

with

同义的

equivalent

to

Excavating

挖掘

digging

Agents

动因,代理人

causes

Aided

帮助的

helped

Estimated

评估

judged

Pry

off

翘起

remove

Littered

杂乱堆满,乱丢

covered

Preserved

保持,保存

protected

from

destruction

Constant

持续的,一致的

consistent

Attained

达到,获得

achieved

Resumed

再继续,重新开始

began

again

Attests

to

证明

give

evidence

of

Drab

单调的

dull

Prominent

显著的,突出的

noticeable

Yet

仍,至今

so

far

Rudimentary

根本的,未发展的

basic

Biting

尖锐的

sharp

Heightened

提高,提升

increased

Meticulous

小心翼翼的

careful

Accumulated

积聚,积累

built

up

Tantamount

to

与……相等的

practically

the

same

as

Remarkable

非凡的,显著的

extraordinary

Link

连结,联合

connectionSurge

汹涌,激增

sharp

increase

Unprecedented

空前的,前所未闻的

not

seen

before

Obscure

模糊的,朦胧的

unclear

Display

陈列展示

exhibit

Load

负荷,重担

weight

Precise

精确的

accurate

Exercise

训练,使用

utilize

Elicit

得出,引出

bring

out

Probe

探查

explore

Prolific

多产的,丰富的

fruitful

Ideal

理想的perfect

Standard

标准

customary

Strain

疲劳,紧张

stress

Accordingly

因此,从而

consequently

Teeming

with

充满了,丰富的

full

of

Resemble

类似,模仿

appear

similar

to

Postulated

假定,假设

suggested

Depended

依靠

relied

Subscribed

订阅,赞成

agreed

with

Stunning

极好的

impressive

感人的,印象深刻的

Spawn

产生,制造

create

Partitioning

分割,划分

division

Enhances

增强,提高

increased

Transition

转换,过渡

change

Ignited

点燃

set

on

fire

Evolution

发展,演化

development

Momentarily

即刻

briefly

Depict

描述

represent

Advent

出现,到来

arrival

Affront

侮辱,冒犯

insult

Intriguing

迷人的

fascinating

Endless

无止境的

continuous连续的

Adequate

充分的,足够的

sufficient

Rather

than

胜于

instead

of

而不是

Forage

觅食

search

for

food

Intermittently

间歇地periodically周期性的

Furnish

供应,提供

provide

Oscillating

震荡,摇摆

swinging

Ultimately

最终

in

the

end

Compelling

强迫地,又说服力的

forceful

Exceptional

异常地,意外地

remarkable

不平常地,显著地

Enhancement

增加/进

improvement

Revitalize

新生

bring

new

life

to

Executing

执行,制造

producing

Allay

减轻,减少

reduce

Permeated

弥漫,渗透

spread

through

Testimony

to

证词/明evidence

of

Hardiest

坚硬

most

vigorous

Framework

框架,结构

structure

Prolonged

延长的extended

Encounter

遭遇

meet

Fortuitous

偶然的,幸运的lucky

Thwarted

阻挠,挫败

frustrated失败的,落空的

Scattered

分散的irregularly

distributed

By

virtue

of

由于

because

of

Circumscribed

限制

restricted

Indeterminate

不确定的uncertain

Enveloped

包围着

surrounded

环绕地

Gradually

逐渐地

by

degrees

At

any

rate

无论如何

regardless

不管

篇2:托福单词备考高分规律总结

托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文关键词:备考,托福,高分,单词,规律

托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文简介:智课网TOEFL备考资料托福单词备考高分规律总结出国英语考试有哪些雅思6.5是什么水平雅思阅读评分标准托福阅读评分标准雅思和托福的区别去年,一段关于单词学习的歌曲改编在网上疯传:“因为单词不会轻易背上,所以英语还是初中的模样;因为词汇量基本不生长,喝两瓶啤酒就能全部忘光;因为单词总是背完就忘,我曾怀

托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文内容:

智课网TOEFL备考资料

托福单词备考高分规律总结

出国英语考试有哪些

雅思6.5是什么水平

雅思阅读评分标准

托福阅读评分标准

雅思和托福的区别

去年,一段关于单词学习的歌曲改编在网上疯传:“因为单词不会轻易背上,所以英语还是初中的模样;因为词汇量基本不生长,喝两瓶啤酒就能全部忘光;因为单词总是背完就忘,我曾怀疑我脑袋里装的豆浆。”对于准备托福考试的同学来说,8000词汇是一个巨大的挑战。很多人望而却步,很多人溜进词海,拼命挣扎,苦不堪言!记单词的悲催,也有诗为证:“举头望明月,低头背单词;少壮不努力,老大背单词;洛阳亲友如相问,就说我在背单词。”我们耗时耗力,单词仍然记不住、忘得快,究竟原因何在?

爱因斯坦有言:“我坚信上帝是不掷骰子的”

(I

am

convinced

that

God

does

not

play

dice).

任何事物的形成,背后都有一套隐形的规律。英语词汇也不例外。如果对词汇的构成规律置若罔闻,那么单词就是一堆无意义的字母组合,记起来一定难于上青天。为了助力大家摆脱单词记忆的囧途,笔者提供以下规律总结。

一、词根词缀,事半功倍。

词根词缀法是英语单词的主要构造方法,70%的英语单词都是按照词根词缀法创造出来的。两百年前,英国著名作家和政治家切斯特菲尔德伯爵(

Lord

Chesterfield)

就指出:学习一门语言文字,最短最佳的途径是掌握它的词根,亦即那些其他单词借以形成的原生词。(The

shortest

and

best

way

of

learning

a

language

is

to

know

the

roots

of

it,that

is

the

original,primitive

words

of

which

other

words

are

formed.)

打开词汇宝库的第一把钥匙正是词根!

大家请看下面一组英文单词:

spectrum

inspect

suspect

aspect

prospect

retrospect

spectator

spectacles

spectacular

perspective

以上十个单词都含有spect这个成分,它的含义是“看”。在以上单词中spect就是词根,相当于汉语中的目字旁。原来英语里面也有偏旁、部首!词根词缀是最科学最有效的记忆方法。汉字里的偏旁部首数量有限,英文词根常用的也就几十个。目前市面上的托福单词书籍基本都涉及到词根词缀,大家一定要合理利用,加快记忆的步伐。

二、合理联想、不同凡响。

(1)拆词品鉴、其义自现。汉字中有会意字,如“解”字。刀、牛、角,把刀放在牛角后就是宰牛、解剖、分解,词义豁然。再比如:休、从、众、森、明,等等。

下面我们来看一组英语单词,体会一下其中“会意”的感觉:

devastate

de

+

vast

+

ate

摧毁

excavate

ex

+

cave

+

ate

挖掘

consolidate

con

+

solid

+

ate

合并、巩固

coordinate

co

+

ordin

+

ate

协调

subordinate

sub

+

ordin

+

ate

使服从

这组词均为托福高频词,姑且称为“ate”系列。ate经常充当动词后缀,表使动。de-表示“变坏”;vast广阔的;ate表使动→让广阔的地区变坏,不就是“摧毁”么!以此类推:ex-出来;cave洞;ate表使动→使某物从洞里出来,不是“挖掘”是什么!接着“会意”:con-

共、同;solid

坚固的;ate表使动→合并、巩固。co-共、同;ordin=order;

ate表使动→协调。sub-在下面;ordin=order;

ate表使动→使服从。

上面几个单词,词义等于各部分词义之和。但是,有些按拆词法记忆的词,是根据中文意思来联想的。比如,dismay“使沮丧”。dis-不;may可能;连一丝可能都没有,怎不沮丧!有时,一群单词汇总在一起,拆解的方式是一致的,比如:

stable

swell

smother

stale

scold

slight

slaughter

swing

scar

spark

以上十个单词,我称为“S系列”。它们均由S加上一个我们十分熟悉的单词构成。结合词义,稍加联想,这些词就会跃然纸上。S联想成“死”。stable:

死桌子蛮稳→“稳定的”;swell:

井里冒出个死人→“膨胀”;smother:老妈没了,让人→“窒息”;stale:死去的传说→“陈腐的”……当然,这种联想有点无厘头,但是鉴于托福词汇的数量和难度,背单词就该不择手段。

(2)近形对照、

一箭双雕。英文中有很多长相类似且含义有关联的单词。比如,fild

-

yild;

accelerate

decelerate;

attach

detach;

converge

diverge;

deep

seep.

这些词不放在一起记本身就是一种损失。类似的词大家要勤于收集,也要举一反三,敢于联想。

三、学科词汇、尽显智慧。

托福考试学术性很强,尤其在听力和阅读考试中大家会碰到很多学术场景。天文、地理、地质、生物、艺术史这些是最为高频的话题。要想听懂看懂相关的讲座和文章没有相关的词汇积累无异于痴人说梦。好在,很多托福词汇书都加入了主题词这一部分。比如,智课教育引入的《新托福词汇密码》就对托福考试经常出现的33个主题词汇做了收集。

不过,在记忆这些学科词的过程中大家要把握词汇的内在逻辑。比如,在地质学中,地质构造相关的crust地壳,mantle地幔,magma

岩浆,lava

熔岩等应该归为一类。地质活动相关的converge汇集,diverge分离,erosion侵蚀,terrain地形,landscape地貌等应归为一类。把握了主题词汇的内在逻辑才能将零散的词串成一条线,这对加深记忆是非常有益的。

当然,完全脱离语境记忆主题词也是不可取的。新学习的主题词一定要到具体的学科讲座和文章中去复习和强化。比如,智课教育引入的《新托福阅读金牌教程》中就有分主题训练。里面的文章均按生物、天文等话题分类收集。大家在学完一个科目的主题词后,可以找到两篇相关话题的文章,在具体语境中印证、检测和强化所学单词。这种方式就比单纯的重复要有成就感得多。

四、词汇练习、宝典秘籍。

学习词汇和学游泳、乒乓球一样,如果只记不练就不可能彻底掌握。很多同学都忽略了词汇练习这个环节导致背诵的效果大打折扣。所谓拳不离手曲不离口,TPO中的所有词汇题大家必须在考前通做一遍,并重点收集生词和易错词。此外,《新托福阅读金牌教程》中也有很多难得的词汇题目。《新托福听力真经2》当中更是设计了很多针对性极强的词汇练习,应该是作者呕心沥血之作,希望大家一定好好利用。

最后想强调一下,英语单词并没有真正意义上的速成。敢于挑战托福考试的同学们都应该摒弃速餐文化对我们心态的影响。“不积跬步,无以致千里;不积小流,无以成江海。”我们要在掌握规律的同时,坚持稳打稳扎的心态,最终攻克托福词汇!

篇3:托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字

托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字 本文关键词:阅读机,托福,忌讳,地球,背景

托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字 本文简介:智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字摘要:托福阅读机经虽然没有口语写作机经使用频率高,但托福阅读却是整个托福考试的重要部分。适当地掌握一些托福阅读技巧和背景材料对于我们备考托福阅读也是有所帮助的。托福阅读机经背人人都可以相信,1加1等于2。但7比13好──有些数字比其他数字

托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字 本文内容:

智课网TOEFL备考资料

托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字

摘要:

托福阅读机经虽然没有口语写作机经使用频率高,但托福阅读却是整个托福考试的重要部分。适当地掌握一些托福阅读技巧和背景材料对于我们备考托福阅读也是有所帮助的。托福阅读机经背

人人都可以相信,1加1等于2。但7比13好──有些数字比其他数字吉利──对一些人来说就没有道理了。这种数字上的好恶,可能会造成深刻的分歧。

上月早些时候,香港就曾发生过这样一种情况。房地产开发商恒基兆业地产有限公司(Henderson

Land

Development

Co.,简称恒基地产)一套复式公寓卖出5660万美元的天价,轰动一时。恒基地产说,这个数字创了亚洲住宅价格的纪录。这一销售结果公布过后,整套物业又因为其他引人瞩目的数字,再次引起轰动。在给这套位于干德道39号的楼盘编制楼层号码时,恒基没有遵循传统的一二三递增的方式。比如,39楼上面就是

60楼。最顶三层的号码,分别是66楼,68楼和88楼。

在拉斯维加斯,像7这样的幸运数字很受欢迎。图为2007年7月7日,很多情侣在曼德勒海湾酒店排队等待举行婚礼。这侵犯了一些人的秩序感。周日(10月

25日)抗议高房价的过程中,一些香港民主党立法会议员对这种牵强附会的编号方案表达了不满。刘慧卿说,你可以把底楼叫做88楼,但没有意义。你说你住

88楼,人们都以为你住88楼,而不是10楼什么的。

数字命理学(Numerology)相信,某些数字在表示数量之外,还有更多的意义。很久以来,这种信念都被数学家打入另册。根据数字的读音或字母表中跟数字对应的字母,数字命理学家对某些数字的态度或褒或贬。这样一种逻辑,让头脑中只有数理规律与属性的数学家们觉得,自己要比数字命理学家高明。

但很多数学家对于起初促使他们进入这个领域的那些数字,也存在一些爱憎。一些人也会出现数理逻辑上的矛盾,跟数字命理学家们的错误比起来,差别也不是那么大。

《数字的秘密人生》(The

Secret

Lives

of

Numbers)设计者列文(Golan

Levin)在电子邮件里写道,有人认为,数字多少是纯粹的、与迷信思维无涉,因为相比语词,它们总要“客观”些,但这样的观念没有考虑到,每一个观念,都是以富含情感与文化的各种信号所织成的锦缎的形式存在于我们的大脑中的。《数字的秘密人生》是一个互动项目,跟踪1到100万之间每一个整数的受欢迎程度。

威廉姆斯学院(Williams

College)数学家嘉里蒂(Thomas

Garrity)对数字9一直有着一种特殊的喜爱。但数字51却不在他的喜好之列。

他回忆自己的数学之路说,这可能跟我小时候有关,当时我经常以为51应该是质数,虽然51=3×17。但他说,自己不会以自己的好恶来做决定,比如说是避开大楼里的第51楼。嘉里蒂教授说,我可以理解人们对某些数字的一些细微的非理性情感,不过我不能理解人们以这样的情感为基础来做真正的决定。

但某些数字迷信还是被扩大化,特别是在涉及利润的时候。当香港恒基为迎合西式口味省掉13楼时,拉斯维加斯一家赌场为迎合香港赌客,楼层编号也略过了40到59楼。

恒基一位女发言人说,客户不喜欢带4的数字和不吉利的数字。这些数字有着更为丰富的蕴涵。

恒基所以按照它的方式编制楼层号码,是因为6和8能引起积极联想,4会引起消极联想。加州大学伯克利分校(University

of

California,Berkeley)名誉数学教授伍鸿熙(Hung-Hsi

Wu)说,在粤语和普通话中,8读起来像发财的“发”。因为这个原因,北京奥运会开幕选在了2008年8月8日的晚上8点。而数字4听起来很像“死”,所以人们会不顾一切地避免。6也被认为是吉利数字。

对6的偏爱和对4的排斥,影响了拉斯维加斯42层楼高的赌场曼德勒湾

(Mandalay

Bay)的开发商。这里的顶层都被命名为60层,61层和62层,因为它略过了40到59。

曼德勒湾业主美高梅金殿梦幻(MGM

Mirage)发言人阿布谢(Gordon

Absher)表示,这种决定缘于赌客被安排到这些楼层时可能有的一些观念。他说,你可能会觉得,我们作为赌场想给你带来厄运。

同样,希望减轻人们对13的恐惧的开发商,不能够避免一幢楼层数目不低于13的大楼里存在第13楼。但他们可以通过命名来让“13”消失。上世纪30年代,俄克拉荷马城(Oklahoma

City)的Skirvin酒店加盖第13层的时候,这层楼被命名为14楼。这座酒店在1988年停止营业,2007年被希尔顿(Hilton)收购后重新开张和命名,不过顶层的编号仍然没有变化。

芝加哥(Chicago)22层楼的Marc

Realty则把第13层楼命名为“14A”,把第14层命名为“14B”。这样就没有让上面的楼层名不副实。

Marc营销协调人克尔奇(Dan

Krc)说,这种安排让上面的楼层高度以一种直观的方式呈现。他说,“13恐惧症”似乎正在消失,Marc物业中被标为13楼的楼层,入住率并不比其他楼层低。

数字13引起的负面联想,源自于耶稣遭背叛前夕“最后的晚餐”当中的就餐者人数。而一些人相信,这种联想要追溯到史前时代──13是不能用十指或两只脚数尽的最小数目(显然脚趾头不算)。

但迪普奥大学

(Depauw

University)

退休数学教授、《数字命理学》作者达德利(Underwood

Dudley)表示,他无法对这些说法予以证实。达德利博士说,据我所知,必须有某个数字是不吉利的,而这个数字就是13。

美国威斯康星州梅库恩(Mequon,Wisc.)的数字命理学家凯(Beverly

Kay)并不害怕13。不过她说,她为顾客的生日和姓名赋予意义的工作,与数学是相通的。凯女士说,这是科学。

心理学家和历史学家一般都试图把这种信念跟人类的一种普遍倾向联系起来,这种倾向就是在不存在类型和系统的地方寻找类型和系统。在极端情况下,数字的情感联想可能会潜入强迫性的行为。在《数字的异想世界》(Strange

Brains

and

Genius)一书中,皮寇弗(Clifford

Pickover)深入研究了数字性强迫性紊乱的各种案例,发现这种紊乱可以跟任何数字发生联系。电子学先驱台斯拉(Nikola

Tesla)每天要用18块干净毛巾,并对3的倍数显示了强烈的偏好。

数学家一般不会达到台斯拉这样的极端,他们认为,他们对所有数字是一视同仁的,而这把他们和数字命理学家们区别开来。

例如加州大学伯克利分校教授里贝(Kenneth

Ribet)就说,他把一些质数视为“朋友”。其中一个是144,169,就像是12的平方跟了一个13的平方。另外一个比较容易记住的数字是1,234,567,891。

里贝教授说,数学家并没有怕见到或不愿见到的数字,因为我们对所有数字真的都很喜欢。他说,另一方面,我们当中一些人确实偏爱一些数字。

Everyone

can

agree

that

1+1=2.

But

the

idea

that

7

is

greater

than

13

--

that

some

numbers

are

luckier

than

others

--

makes

no

sense

to

some

people.

Such

numerical

biases

can

cause

deep

divisions.

And

that

is

what

happened

earlier

this

month

in

Hong

Kong.

Property

developer

Henderson

Land

Development

Co.

made

news

for

selling

a

condominium

for

$56.6

million,a

price

the

developer

called

a

residential

record

in

Asia.

But

after

that

sale

was

announced,the

property

began

making

news

for

other

unusual

numbers.

Henderson

is

labeling

the

floors

of

its

property

at

39

Conduit

Road

with

numbers

that

increase,but

not

in

the

conventional

1-then-2

way.

The

floor

above

39,for

example,is

60.

And

the

top

three

floors

are

consecutively

labeled

66,68

and

88.

This

offended

some

people

s

sense

of

order.

At

a

protest

Sunday

against

high

housing

prices,Hong

Kong

Democratic

Party

legislators

expressed

dissatisfaction

with

the

numbering

scheme

s

tenuous

relationship

to

reality.

You

could

call

the

ground

floor

the

88th

floor,but

it

s

meaningless,says

Emily

Lau.

When

you

say

you

live

on

the

88th

floor,people

expect

you

to

be

on

the

88th

floor,not

the

10th

floor

or

something.

Numerology,a

belief

that

certain

digits

have

greater

meaning

beyond

merely

their

quantity,has

long

been

been

viewed

as

a

kind

of

loony

uncle

to

mathematics.

Numerologists

favor

or

fear

certain

numbers

depending

on

factors

such

as

the

sound

of

the

words

for

those

numbers

or

the

letter

in

the

alphabet

they

correspond

to.

That

kind

of

reasoning

leads

some

mathematicians,who

are

governed

by

numerical

laws

and

properties,to

believe

they

have

one

up

on

numerologists.

点击下载:托福阅读机经背景材料

But

many

mathematicians

have

their

own

emotional

attachments

to

numbers

that

drove

them

to

enter

the

field

in

the

first

place.

Some

will

cop

to

having

numerical

crushes

that

might

not

look

that

different

from

numerologists

.

The

idea

that

numbers

are

somehow

pure

and

immune

to

superstitious

thinking,because

they

re

somehow

more

objective

than

words,doesn

t

take

into

account

the

fact

that

every

concept

exists

(in

our

minds)

in

an

interconnected

tapestry

of

emotionally

and

culturally

charged

signifiers,Golan

Levin,designer

of

the

interactive

project

The

Secret

Lives

of

Numbers,which

tracks

the

popularity

of

every

whole

number

between

one

and

one

million,writes

in

an

email.

He

considers

most

numerical

superstitions

harmless.

Thomas

Garrity,a

mathematician

at

Williams

College,has

always

had

a

particular

fondness

for

the

number

9.

The

number

51,however,doesn

t

make

his

favorites

list.

This

might

stem

from

childhood,when

I

regularly

thought

that

51

should

be

prime,even

though

51=3x17,he

says,taking

a

trip

down

mathematical

memory

lane.

But

he

doesn

t

base

decisions

on

his

preferences,for

instance

by

avoiding

the

51st

floor

of

buildings,he

says.

I

can

understand

people

having

slightly

irrational

feelings

about

particular

numbers,Prof.

Garrity

says.

I

don

t

get,though,people

making

real

decisions

based

on

such

feelings.

And

yet

some

numerical

superstitions

do

spread,especially

when

profits

are

involved.

A

Las

Vegas

casino

that

caters

to

Hong

Kong

high

rollers

also

skips

floors

from

40

to

59,while

Henderson

s

Hong

Kong

development

omits

the

13th

floor

to

cater

to

Western

tastes.

A

Henderson

spokeswoman

says

customers

don

t

want

the

fours

and

the

unlucky

numbers.

These

numbers

are

more

interesting.

Henderson

chose

to

name

the

floors

as

it

did

because

of

positive

associations

with

6

and

8,and

negative

ones

with

4.

In

Cantonese

and

Mandarin,the

word

for

eight

sounds

like

faat,which

means

prosperity.

Hence

the

Beijing

Olympics

starting

time

of

8

p.m.

on

Aug.

8,2008.

The

word

for

four,meanwhile,sounds

very

much

like

death,and

is

therefore

avoided

at

all

costs,says

Hung-Hsi

Wu,professor

emeritus

of

mathematics

at

University

of

California,Berkeley,who

was

born

in

Hong

Kong.

Six

is

also

considered

lucky.

A

preference

for

six

over

four

also

guided

developers

of

the

42-floor

Mandalay

Bay

casino

in

Las

Vegas.

There,penthouses

are

on

the

60th,61st

and

62nd

floor

because

Mandalay

Bay

skips

the

numbers

40

to

59.

Gordon

Absher,spokesman

for

Mandalay

owner

MGM

Mirage,says

that

decision

was

shaped

by

possible

perceptions

of

high

rollers

when

they

are

assigned

to

those

floors.

You

could

think

that

we

are

trying

to,as

the

casino,give

you

bad

luck,Mr.

Absher

says.

Similarly,developers

who

would

assuage

fears

of

13

can

t

avoid

the

existence

of

a

13th

floor

in

buildings

with

13

or

more

stories.

But

they

can

rename

it

out

of

existence.

When

a

13th

floor

was

added

to

the

Skirvin

Hotel

in

Oklahoma

City,in

the

1930s,it

was

named

the

14th

floor.

The

hotel

was

shuttered

in

1988

and

reopened

and

renamed

in

2007

by

Hilton,which

nonetheless

kept

the

name

for

the

top

floor.

The

22-story

headquarters

of

Chicago-based

Marc

Realty

avoids

throwing

off

the

numbers

in

higher

floors

by

labeling

the

13th

floor

14A.

It

labels

the

14th

floor

14B.

That

arrangement

keeps

the

elevations

of

the

upper

floors

straight

in

a

physical

sense,says

Marc

marketing

coordinator

Dan

Krc.

He

adds

that

triskaidekaphobia,or

fear

of

13,appears

to

be

fading,with

floors

labeled

13

in

Marc

properties

showing

occupancy

rates

are

no

lower

than

other

floors.

The

negative

associations

with

13

have

been

traced

to

the

number

of

diners

at

the

Last

Supper,before

the

betrayal

of

Jesus.

Some

believed

it

went

back

to

prehistoric

times

--

the

lowest

number

that

couldn

t

be

counted

on

ten

fingers

and

two

feet.

(Apparently,individual

toes

couldn

t

be

counted).

But

Underwood

Dudley,retired

professor

of

mathematics

at

Depauw

University

and

author

of

Numerology,says

he

wasn

t

able

to

verify

any

of

these.

As

far

as

I

can

tell,some

number

had

to

be

unlucky,and

it

was

13,Dr.

Dudley

says.

Beverly

Kay,a

numerologist

in

Mequon,Wisc.,doesn

t

buy

fears

of

13.

However,she

says

her

work

reading

meaning

into

clients

birth

dates

and

names

is

consistent

with

math.

This

is

scientific,Ms.

Kay

says.

Psychologists

and

historians

generally

have

tied

such

beliefs

to

the

broader

human

tendency

to

seek

patterns

and

systems

where

none

exist.

At

its

extreme,an

emotional

relationship

to

a

number

can

creep

into

obsessive-compulsive

behavior.

In

his

book

Strange

Brains

and

Genius,Clifford

Pickover

dug

through

case

studies

of

numerical

obsessive-compulsive

disorder,and

found

that

it

could

be

tied

to

just

about

any

numeral.

Electricity

pioneer

Nikola

Tesla

demanded

precisely

18

clean

towels

a

day

and

showed

an

intense

preference

for

multiples

of

three.

While

mathematicians

generally

don

t

go

to

Tesla-like

extremes,they

possess

a

generally

positive

outlook

about

all

numbers

and

that

distinguishes

them

from

numerologists,they

say.

For

example,Kenneth

Ribet,a

professor

of

mathematics

at

Berkeley,considers

some

prime

numbers

friends,he

says.

One

is

144,169,which

reads

like

12

squared

followed

by

13

squared;

another

the

easily

remembered

number

of

1,234,567,891.

Mathematicians

don

t

have

numbers

that

they

re

afraid

of

or

shy

away

from

because

we

do

really

like

all

of

the

numbers,says

Prof.

Ribet.

On

the

other

hand,some

of

us

have

favorites.

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