托福历年词汇题总结 本文关键词:托福,历年,词汇
托福历年词汇题总结 本文简介:历年词汇题总结Inaccessible难以接近的:unreachableExtracting提取,提炼:removingStrength基础:basisSurging激增,迅速上升:acceleratingTrend倾向,趋势:tendencyPeak最高点,最高峰:maximumPriorto在前
托福历年词汇题总结 本文内容:
历年词汇题总结
Inaccessible
难以接近的:unreachable
Extracting
提取,提炼:removing
Strength
基础:basis
Surging
激增,迅速上升:accelerating
Trend
倾向,趋势:tendency
Peak
最高点,最高峰:maximum
Prior
to
在前,局先:preceding
Advocates
提倡者,赞成者:proponents
Unsubstantiated
无确实根据的,未经证实的:unverified
Maintain
维持:preserve
Considerable
极其,相当,大量:substantial
Enactment
制定,执行:performance
Staggering
令人惊愕的:overwhelming
Devastated
毁坏:ruined
Demonstrate
证明,示威:showed
Extend
延伸,扩展:stretch
Vast
巨大的,辽阔的:large
Sparked
发动,鼓舞:brought
about
Potential
潜在的,可能的:possible
Outstanding
突出的,显著的:excellent
Account
for
解释,说明:explain
Picking
up
沿着:following
A
supremacy至高,霸权:a
dominance
Supplanted代替:replaced
Myriad无数:many
Supreme最高的:most
outstanding
Settle解决,决定:decide
Ascending
上升,攀登:climbing
Solemn
严肃的:serious
Composed创作,作曲:created
Scores
乐谱:music
composition
Comprises
包含,由,构成:consists
of
Intense
剧烈的:extreme
Margins
空白:edges
Support
支撑:hold
Appreciation
感激,评价,欣赏:recognition
Bias
偏见:prejudice
Prevailing
流行的:most
frequent
Accumulated
积聚,堆积:collected
Related
有关系得:connected
Supported
支撑:upheld
Forward-looking
向前看的:progressive
进步的
Rudimentary
不发达的,未发展的:undeveloped
Sole
唯一的:only
Subsidizes
资助:finance
Rotates
旋转:alternates
Implements
玩具:tools
Clues
线索:information
Hemispheres
半球:sides
Subject
to
遭受:susceptible
to
Puncture
刺穿:pierce
Dramatic
戏剧性的,显著的:striking
Characterized
不同,区别于其他:distinguished
Bizarre
古怪的:odd
Casts
off
抛弃:gets
rid
of
Homogeneous
一致的,同一的:uniform
Largely
renounces
基本上拒绝:generally
rejects
Prevail
流行,支配控制:dominates
Subtle
轻微的,精细的:slight
Compile
收集,积累:put
together
Raw
未加工的,为处理的:unprocessed
Prospect
前景,可能性:possibility
Roughly
大约地:approximately
Magnify
增加,扩大:increase
Distinction
不同,区别:differences
Fused
结合:combined
Lure
吸引:attract
Placed
放置:deposited
Discrete
分泌:separate
Overtaxed
负担沉重的:heavily
burdened
Inadequate
不充足的:deficient
Inevitable
不可避免地:unavoidably
Lamented
不满,抱怨:complaint
about
First
rank
最高水平:highest
quality
Faded
from
消失于:disappeared
from
Novel
创新的,新颖的:innovative
Stationary
固定的:fixed
Vessel
船只:craft
Smothering
窒息的:eliminatedsulfured
硫的
helium
氦
methane
甲烷
amino
acid
氨基酸
periodical
期刊
frontier
边疆
individualism
个人主义
continental(plate)
drift
大陆漂移
granite
花岗岩
social
contract
社会契约
sentimental
style
情感方式(本善,本恶)
goodness
nature
&
evil
nature
善与恶,恶性是受influence和lure造成的
pottery
陶土
poetry
诗
basketry
竹篮
part
time
兼职
Doldrums
赤道无风带
horizontal
水平的
imitation
赝品
weather
aging
风化年代
Weaver织布机
Navajo
纳瓦获人
loom
织布机
innovation
革新
subdue
color温色
barter易货
blanket(毛毯)
Invasive侵入的
field
house
储藏室
astrobiology
天文生物学
laptop
笔记本电脑
implicit
memory含蓄的记忆(内显记忆)
explicit
memory
外显记忆
maple
tree
枫树
sap
树液
patent
专利
wallpaper墙纸
rock
stratum
岩层
Signal
transduction
信号传导
spectrum
光谱
pit
organ
蛇的陷器官
dim
sighted
昏花
nomadic
tribe
游牧民族
Mercenary
雇佣兵
well井
shaft
轴
bill账单
rent
bill房租账单
account
账单
insulation
隔离
respiratory
structure
呼吸结构
mentor导师
resilient
恢复力强的
frustration
挫折
perspective
透视,展望,有希望的
Dictates
决定
determines
Witnessed
看到
observed
A
break
with
分开
a
departure
from
Conserve
维持,保留
retain
Magnified
加强,加剧
intensified
Forage
觅食
feed
Counteracted
否定,抵消
negated
In
season
应季
a
particular
time
of
year
Fixture
寻常物品
commonplace
object
Nevertheless
但是
however
Rotates
转动,改变
turns
Readily
容易地,欣然地
easily
Constituting
组成
making
up
Pits
洞,坑
holes
Disputes
争论
arguments
Unrestricted
不受限制的
unlimited
Snap
折断
break
Fed
吃/放入
put
Exposed
to
易受影响的,受支配
subjected
to
Exert
引起,导致
cause
Diffuses
穿过,扩散
travels
Rapture
破裂
burst
Miniscule
微小的
tiny
Enables
使能够
allows
Aesthetically
美学的,艺术的
artistically
Refreshing
非同寻常的,耳目一新的
unusual
Devote
奉献
dedicate
Bound
系,绑
tied
Assembling
聚集
gathering
Adorned
装修
decorated
Attire
服装
clothing
Unravel
揭露
discover
Mundane
平凡的
ordinary
Gap
空隙
opening
Discards
抛弃
gets
rid
of
Deft
灵巧的
skilled
Robust
强壮的
strong
Heralded
宣布
announced
Position
职位
job
Major
主要的
principal
Symmetrical
比例平衡的,对称的
proportionally
balanced
Obvious
明显的
apparent
Dominated
占支配地位的
were
prevalent
in
Monopolized
垄断
dominated
Factions
部分
sides
Flattering
赞美
complimentary
Disseminated
分散
spread
Accelerated
加速
increased
Given
way
to
替代
been
replaced
by
Reliance
依赖
dependence
Picture
想象
imagine
Emit
发出
give
off
Glowing
发光的
shining
Influx
流入,到达
arrival
Extraordinary
异常的
exceptional
Era
时代
period
of
time
Intriguing
吸引人的
attractive
Conclusive
总结性的
definitive
Preoccupation
卷入involvement
Primary
基本的fundamental
Entire
整个whole
Bring
about
引起
cause
Temping
吸引人的
attractive
Reckless
不负责任的
irresponsible
Concomitant
with
同时发生的,与之伴随的
in
conjunction
with
Skyrocketing
迅速上升
increasing
rapidly
Extolling
高度赞扬praising
Roughly
大约harshly
Reaped
获得gained
Interchangeable
互换的,等同于
equivalent
Classified
分类
categorized
Incinerated
itself
燃烧
burn
up
Securing
获得
acquiring
Implications
意义
significant
Hinterland
腹地,内地贸易区
region
Persisted
坚持,持续
continued
Undergoing
经历,遭受
experiencing
Suspend
悬挂,延迟
hang
Fatal
致命的
deadly
Secure
安全的
safe
Sorted
out
分类,挑练
separated
Dampened
使潮湿
moistened
Fine
细微的
tiny
Derived
起源,得自
obtained
Drastically
激烈的,彻底的severely
Coincided
with
一致,符合
happened
at
the
same
time
Supplement
补充
add
to
Contemporary
当代的,同时代的
written
at
the
same
time
Prized
珍视
valued
Overtaken
超越,胜出surpassed
Intervals
间隔
periods
Freeing
解除
releasing
Plunge
投入,跳进
drop
Tangled缠结的,紊乱的
twisted
together
Concealed
隐藏
covered
Avail
themselves
利用
make
use
Accordingly
因此for
that
reason
Crucial至关重要的
important
Ponderous
笨重的heavy
Attained
达到,获得achieved
Abundant
丰富的,充裕的plentiful
Peculiar
独特的,奇异的strange
Meticulously小心翼翼的
carefully
Durability
经久,耐久力endurance
Incised雕刻的carved
Consumed消耗,吃eaten
Innovative
创新的
new
Extract
提取,提炼remove
Scorched烧焦burned
Consequence
结果result
Exceed超越,胜出go
beyond
Generated
产生
cause
Norm
标准
standard
Henceforth
今后
from
that
time
on
Mandated委托统治的recommended
Immutable
不可变的unchangeable
Revered
尊敬
respected
Consist
一致的,协调的constant
Intent
目的,意向
goal
Administered
管理
managed
Periphery
外围
outer
edge
Inception
起初beginning
Fabricating
构成,虚构constructing
Resort
to
采取using
Ingenuity
机灵,灵巧resourcefulness
Functional
有功能的,有用的usable
Significant
有意义的meaningful
Attained
获得reached
Flamed
燃烧burned
Encompass包围,环绕
include
Came
to
the
forefront
来到最前线/变得很重要
became
important
Hinged
on
依赖
depended
on
Lured
引诱attracted
Expendable消费品,可以牺牲的
nonessential
Notwithstanding
尽管despite
Intricate
错综复杂的complex
Random
任意的unpredictable
Optimal
最佳的,最理想的best
Urged
催促encouraged
Carried
on
继续
continued
Diverse
不同的varied
Ensures确保
guarantees
Suitable
合适的,适宜的appropriately
Scares
稀有rare
Resemble
类似look
like
Coarse
粗糙的crude
Brittle易碎的,脆弱的
easily
broken
Appreciated赏识,意识到
recognized
Merely
仅仅only
Emitting
发出producing
Spanning
跨越
cover
Pursue
追赶catch
Altogether
完全的completely
Intensive
集中的,透彻的concentrated
Prevailed
流行,盛行dominated
Depicted
描述described
Foremost
首要的
leading
Meteoric流星的,迅速的
rapid
Apace
with
快速的,急速的as
fast
as
Wider
宽广的more
extensive
Thereby
因此,在那方面by
that
means
Unique
唯一的,独特的singular
Rotting
腐烂的decaying
Key
关键的important
Converted修改
changed
Antecedent
先行的的,先辈predecessor
Appealing吸引人的
attractive
Local
场所place
Boosted推进
raised
Scope
范围extent
Prolific多产的,丰富的
productive
Eager
热心的,渴望的enthusiastic
Engaged使用,雇佣
hire
Subsequent后来的
later
Sums
总数amounts
Identical同样的
exactly
alike
Graphic生动的,鲜明的
vivid
Undoubtedly
毫无疑问的certainly
Components
组成部分parts
Besides
除此之外in
addition
to
Flourished繁荣,昌盛
thrived
Grumbled
抱怨,牢骚complained
Serve服务,适合
function
Sole
唯一的only
Detecting
发现finding
Sedentary久坐的,不活动的
inactive
Subjected
受影响的exposed
Essence
本质,精华basic
nature
Diverse
不同的different
Noted
注意到
observed
Emphasize
强调stress
Accessible易接近的,可靠近的available
Account
for
解释,说明explain
Smooth
operation
顺利进行
effective
functioning
Cluster
成群
group
Alert
警惕
ware
Scurrying
急跑,匆忙走rushing
Formidable
艰难地,令人敬畏的difficult
Intent
目的,意向
purpose
Regardless
of
不管,不顾no
matter
what
Marked
显著地noticeable
Confine
限制
restrict
Presumably
推测,大概
probably
Sustain
支撑,持续
support
Insignificant
无关紧要的unimportant
Ultimately
最后,最终
eventually
Demise
死亡
death
Convert
转变
change
Primarily
主要地,根本上
chiefly
Prevailing
流行的dominant
Undergone
经历
experienced
Vast
巨大的
great
Precarious
不稳定的
uncertain
Settled
固定的
stable
Chronicle
记载,记录,编年史
describe
Ornate
装饰的,华丽的
elaborate
Derived
from
起源
based
on
Various
不同的,多样的different
Account
for
解释
explain
Subjugated
征服
conquered
Synonymous
with
同义的
equivalent
to
Excavating
挖掘
digging
Agents
动因,代理人
causes
Aided
帮助的
helped
Estimated
评估
judged
Pry
off
翘起
remove
Littered
杂乱堆满,乱丢
covered
Preserved
保持,保存
protected
from
destruction
Constant
持续的,一致的
consistent
Attained
达到,获得
achieved
Resumed
再继续,重新开始
began
again
Attests
to
证明
give
evidence
of
Drab
单调的
dull
Prominent
显著的,突出的
noticeable
Yet
仍,至今
so
far
Rudimentary
根本的,未发展的
basic
Biting
尖锐的
sharp
Heightened
提高,提升
increased
Meticulous
小心翼翼的
careful
Accumulated
积聚,积累
built
up
Tantamount
to
与……相等的
practically
the
same
as
Remarkable
非凡的,显著的
extraordinary
Link
连结,联合
connectionSurge
汹涌,激增
sharp
increase
Unprecedented
空前的,前所未闻的
not
seen
before
Obscure
模糊的,朦胧的
unclear
Display
陈列展示
exhibit
Load
负荷,重担
weight
Precise
精确的
accurate
Exercise
训练,使用
utilize
Elicit
得出,引出
bring
out
Probe
探查
explore
Prolific
多产的,丰富的
fruitful
Ideal
理想的perfect
Standard
标准
customary
Strain
疲劳,紧张
stress
Accordingly
因此,从而
consequently
Teeming
with
充满了,丰富的
full
of
Resemble
类似,模仿
appear
similar
to
Postulated
假定,假设
suggested
Depended
依靠
relied
Subscribed
订阅,赞成
agreed
with
Stunning
极好的
impressive
感人的,印象深刻的
Spawn
产生,制造
create
Partitioning
分割,划分
division
Enhances
增强,提高
increased
Transition
转换,过渡
change
Ignited
点燃
set
on
fire
Evolution
发展,演化
development
Momentarily
即刻
briefly
Depict
描述
represent
Advent
出现,到来
arrival
Affront
侮辱,冒犯
insult
Intriguing
迷人的
fascinating
Endless
无止境的
continuous连续的
Adequate
充分的,足够的
sufficient
Rather
than
胜于
instead
of
而不是
Forage
觅食
search
for
food
Intermittently
间歇地periodically周期性的
Furnish
供应,提供
provide
Oscillating
震荡,摇摆
swinging
Ultimately
最终
in
the
end
Compelling
强迫地,又说服力的
forceful
Exceptional
异常地,意外地
remarkable
不平常地,显著地
Enhancement
增加/进
improvement
Revitalize
新生
bring
new
life
to
Executing
执行,制造
producing
Allay
减轻,减少
reduce
Permeated
弥漫,渗透
spread
through
Testimony
to
证词/明evidence
of
Hardiest
坚硬
most
vigorous
Framework
框架,结构
structure
Prolonged
延长的extended
Encounter
遭遇
meet
Fortuitous
偶然的,幸运的lucky
Thwarted
阻挠,挫败
frustrated失败的,落空的
Scattered
分散的irregularly
distributed
By
virtue
of
由于
because
of
Circumscribed
限制
restricted
Indeterminate
不确定的uncertain
Enveloped
包围着
surrounded
环绕地
Gradually
逐渐地
by
degrees
At
any
rate
无论如何
regardless
不管
篇2:托福单词备考高分规律总结
托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文关键词:备考,托福,高分,单词,规律
托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文简介:智课网TOEFL备考资料托福单词备考高分规律总结出国英语考试有哪些雅思6.5是什么水平雅思阅读评分标准托福阅读评分标准雅思和托福的区别去年,一段关于单词学习的歌曲改编在网上疯传:“因为单词不会轻易背上,所以英语还是初中的模样;因为词汇量基本不生长,喝两瓶啤酒就能全部忘光;因为单词总是背完就忘,我曾怀
托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文内容:
智课网TOEFL备考资料
托福单词备考高分规律总结
出国英语考试有哪些
雅思6.5是什么水平
雅思阅读评分标准
托福阅读评分标准
雅思和托福的区别
去年,一段关于单词学习的歌曲改编在网上疯传:“因为单词不会轻易背上,所以英语还是初中的模样;因为词汇量基本不生长,喝两瓶啤酒就能全部忘光;因为单词总是背完就忘,我曾怀疑我脑袋里装的豆浆。”对于准备托福考试的同学来说,8000词汇是一个巨大的挑战。很多人望而却步,很多人溜进词海,拼命挣扎,苦不堪言!记单词的悲催,也有诗为证:“举头望明月,低头背单词;少壮不努力,老大背单词;洛阳亲友如相问,就说我在背单词。”我们耗时耗力,单词仍然记不住、忘得快,究竟原因何在?
爱因斯坦有言:“我坚信上帝是不掷骰子的”
(I
am
convinced
that
God
does
not
play
dice).
任何事物的形成,背后都有一套隐形的规律。英语词汇也不例外。如果对词汇的构成规律置若罔闻,那么单词就是一堆无意义的字母组合,记起来一定难于上青天。为了助力大家摆脱单词记忆的囧途,笔者提供以下规律总结。
一、词根词缀,事半功倍。
词根词缀法是英语单词的主要构造方法,70%的英语单词都是按照词根词缀法创造出来的。两百年前,英国著名作家和政治家切斯特菲尔德伯爵(
Lord
Chesterfield)
就指出:学习一门语言文字,最短最佳的途径是掌握它的词根,亦即那些其他单词借以形成的原生词。(The
shortest
and
best
way
of
learning
a
language
is
to
know
the
roots
of
it,that
is
the
original,primitive
words
of
which
other
words
are
formed.)
打开词汇宝库的第一把钥匙正是词根!
大家请看下面一组英文单词:
spectrum
inspect
suspect
aspect
prospect
retrospect
spectator
spectacles
spectacular
perspective
以上十个单词都含有spect这个成分,它的含义是“看”。在以上单词中spect就是词根,相当于汉语中的目字旁。原来英语里面也有偏旁、部首!词根词缀是最科学最有效的记忆方法。汉字里的偏旁部首数量有限,英文词根常用的也就几十个。目前市面上的托福单词书籍基本都涉及到词根词缀,大家一定要合理利用,加快记忆的步伐。
二、合理联想、不同凡响。
(1)拆词品鉴、其义自现。汉字中有会意字,如“解”字。刀、牛、角,把刀放在牛角后就是宰牛、解剖、分解,词义豁然。再比如:休、从、众、森、明,等等。
下面我们来看一组英语单词,体会一下其中“会意”的感觉:
devastate
de
+
vast
+
ate
摧毁
excavate
ex
+
cave
+
ate
挖掘
consolidate
con
+
solid
+
ate
合并、巩固
coordinate
co
+
ordin
+
ate
协调
subordinate
sub
+
ordin
+
ate
使服从
这组词均为托福高频词,姑且称为“ate”系列。ate经常充当动词后缀,表使动。de-表示“变坏”;vast广阔的;ate表使动→让广阔的地区变坏,不就是“摧毁”么!以此类推:ex-出来;cave洞;ate表使动→使某物从洞里出来,不是“挖掘”是什么!接着“会意”:con-
共、同;solid
坚固的;ate表使动→合并、巩固。co-共、同;ordin=order;
ate表使动→协调。sub-在下面;ordin=order;
ate表使动→使服从。
上面几个单词,词义等于各部分词义之和。但是,有些按拆词法记忆的词,是根据中文意思来联想的。比如,dismay“使沮丧”。dis-不;may可能;连一丝可能都没有,怎不沮丧!有时,一群单词汇总在一起,拆解的方式是一致的,比如:
stable
swell
smother
stale
scold
slight
slaughter
swing
scar
spark
以上十个单词,我称为“S系列”。它们均由S加上一个我们十分熟悉的单词构成。结合词义,稍加联想,这些词就会跃然纸上。S联想成“死”。stable:
死桌子蛮稳→“稳定的”;swell:
井里冒出个死人→“膨胀”;smother:老妈没了,让人→“窒息”;stale:死去的传说→“陈腐的”……当然,这种联想有点无厘头,但是鉴于托福词汇的数量和难度,背单词就该不择手段。
(2)近形对照、
一箭双雕。英文中有很多长相类似且含义有关联的单词。比如,fild
-
yild;
accelerate
–
decelerate;
attach
–
detach;
converge
–
diverge;
deep
–
seep.
这些词不放在一起记本身就是一种损失。类似的词大家要勤于收集,也要举一反三,敢于联想。
三、学科词汇、尽显智慧。
托福考试学术性很强,尤其在听力和阅读考试中大家会碰到很多学术场景。天文、地理、地质、生物、艺术史这些是最为高频的话题。要想听懂看懂相关的讲座和文章没有相关的词汇积累无异于痴人说梦。好在,很多托福词汇书都加入了主题词这一部分。比如,智课教育引入的《新托福词汇密码》就对托福考试经常出现的33个主题词汇做了收集。
不过,在记忆这些学科词的过程中大家要把握词汇的内在逻辑。比如,在地质学中,地质构造相关的crust地壳,mantle地幔,magma
岩浆,lava
熔岩等应该归为一类。地质活动相关的converge汇集,diverge分离,erosion侵蚀,terrain地形,landscape地貌等应归为一类。把握了主题词汇的内在逻辑才能将零散的词串成一条线,这对加深记忆是非常有益的。
当然,完全脱离语境记忆主题词也是不可取的。新学习的主题词一定要到具体的学科讲座和文章中去复习和强化。比如,智课教育引入的《新托福阅读金牌教程》中就有分主题训练。里面的文章均按生物、天文等话题分类收集。大家在学完一个科目的主题词后,可以找到两篇相关话题的文章,在具体语境中印证、检测和强化所学单词。这种方式就比单纯的重复要有成就感得多。
四、词汇练习、宝典秘籍。
学习词汇和学游泳、乒乓球一样,如果只记不练就不可能彻底掌握。很多同学都忽略了词汇练习这个环节导致背诵的效果大打折扣。所谓拳不离手曲不离口,TPO中的所有词汇题大家必须在考前通做一遍,并重点收集生词和易错词。此外,《新托福阅读金牌教程》中也有很多难得的词汇题目。《新托福听力真经2》当中更是设计了很多针对性极强的词汇练习,应该是作者呕心沥血之作,希望大家一定好好利用。
最后想强调一下,英语单词并没有真正意义上的速成。敢于挑战托福考试的同学们都应该摒弃速餐文化对我们心态的影响。“不积跬步,无以致千里;不积小流,无以成江海。”我们要在掌握规律的同时,坚持稳打稳扎的心态,最终攻克托福词汇!
篇3:托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字
托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字 本文关键词:阅读机,托福,忌讳,地球,背景
托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字 本文简介:智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字摘要:托福阅读机经虽然没有口语写作机经使用频率高,但托福阅读却是整个托福考试的重要部分。适当地掌握一些托福阅读技巧和背景材料对于我们备考托福阅读也是有所帮助的。托福阅读机经背人人都可以相信,1加1等于2。但7比13好──有些数字比其他数字
托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字 本文内容:
智课网TOEFL备考资料
托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字
摘要:
托福阅读机经虽然没有口语写作机经使用频率高,但托福阅读却是整个托福考试的重要部分。适当地掌握一些托福阅读技巧和背景材料对于我们备考托福阅读也是有所帮助的。托福阅读机经背
人人都可以相信,1加1等于2。但7比13好──有些数字比其他数字吉利──对一些人来说就没有道理了。这种数字上的好恶,可能会造成深刻的分歧。
上月早些时候,香港就曾发生过这样一种情况。房地产开发商恒基兆业地产有限公司(Henderson
Land
Development
Co.,简称恒基地产)一套复式公寓卖出5660万美元的天价,轰动一时。恒基地产说,这个数字创了亚洲住宅价格的纪录。这一销售结果公布过后,整套物业又因为其他引人瞩目的数字,再次引起轰动。在给这套位于干德道39号的楼盘编制楼层号码时,恒基没有遵循传统的一二三递增的方式。比如,39楼上面就是
60楼。最顶三层的号码,分别是66楼,68楼和88楼。
在拉斯维加斯,像7这样的幸运数字很受欢迎。图为2007年7月7日,很多情侣在曼德勒海湾酒店排队等待举行婚礼。这侵犯了一些人的秩序感。周日(10月
25日)抗议高房价的过程中,一些香港民主党立法会议员对这种牵强附会的编号方案表达了不满。刘慧卿说,你可以把底楼叫做88楼,但没有意义。你说你住
88楼,人们都以为你住88楼,而不是10楼什么的。
数字命理学(Numerology)相信,某些数字在表示数量之外,还有更多的意义。很久以来,这种信念都被数学家打入另册。根据数字的读音或字母表中跟数字对应的字母,数字命理学家对某些数字的态度或褒或贬。这样一种逻辑,让头脑中只有数理规律与属性的数学家们觉得,自己要比数字命理学家高明。
但很多数学家对于起初促使他们进入这个领域的那些数字,也存在一些爱憎。一些人也会出现数理逻辑上的矛盾,跟数字命理学家们的错误比起来,差别也不是那么大。
《数字的秘密人生》(The
Secret
Lives
of
Numbers)设计者列文(Golan
Levin)在电子邮件里写道,有人认为,数字多少是纯粹的、与迷信思维无涉,因为相比语词,它们总要“客观”些,但这样的观念没有考虑到,每一个观念,都是以富含情感与文化的各种信号所织成的锦缎的形式存在于我们的大脑中的。《数字的秘密人生》是一个互动项目,跟踪1到100万之间每一个整数的受欢迎程度。
威廉姆斯学院(Williams
College)数学家嘉里蒂(Thomas
Garrity)对数字9一直有着一种特殊的喜爱。但数字51却不在他的喜好之列。
他回忆自己的数学之路说,这可能跟我小时候有关,当时我经常以为51应该是质数,虽然51=3×17。但他说,自己不会以自己的好恶来做决定,比如说是避开大楼里的第51楼。嘉里蒂教授说,我可以理解人们对某些数字的一些细微的非理性情感,不过我不能理解人们以这样的情感为基础来做真正的决定。
但某些数字迷信还是被扩大化,特别是在涉及利润的时候。当香港恒基为迎合西式口味省掉13楼时,拉斯维加斯一家赌场为迎合香港赌客,楼层编号也略过了40到59楼。
恒基一位女发言人说,客户不喜欢带4的数字和不吉利的数字。这些数字有着更为丰富的蕴涵。
恒基所以按照它的方式编制楼层号码,是因为6和8能引起积极联想,4会引起消极联想。加州大学伯克利分校(University
of
California,Berkeley)名誉数学教授伍鸿熙(Hung-Hsi
Wu)说,在粤语和普通话中,8读起来像发财的“发”。因为这个原因,北京奥运会开幕选在了2008年8月8日的晚上8点。而数字4听起来很像“死”,所以人们会不顾一切地避免。6也被认为是吉利数字。
对6的偏爱和对4的排斥,影响了拉斯维加斯42层楼高的赌场曼德勒湾
(Mandalay
Bay)的开发商。这里的顶层都被命名为60层,61层和62层,因为它略过了40到59。
曼德勒湾业主美高梅金殿梦幻(MGM
Mirage)发言人阿布谢(Gordon
Absher)表示,这种决定缘于赌客被安排到这些楼层时可能有的一些观念。他说,你可能会觉得,我们作为赌场想给你带来厄运。
同样,希望减轻人们对13的恐惧的开发商,不能够避免一幢楼层数目不低于13的大楼里存在第13楼。但他们可以通过命名来让“13”消失。上世纪30年代,俄克拉荷马城(Oklahoma
City)的Skirvin酒店加盖第13层的时候,这层楼被命名为14楼。这座酒店在1988年停止营业,2007年被希尔顿(Hilton)收购后重新开张和命名,不过顶层的编号仍然没有变化。
芝加哥(Chicago)22层楼的Marc
Realty则把第13层楼命名为“14A”,把第14层命名为“14B”。这样就没有让上面的楼层名不副实。
Marc营销协调人克尔奇(Dan
Krc)说,这种安排让上面的楼层高度以一种直观的方式呈现。他说,“13恐惧症”似乎正在消失,Marc物业中被标为13楼的楼层,入住率并不比其他楼层低。
数字13引起的负面联想,源自于耶稣遭背叛前夕“最后的晚餐”当中的就餐者人数。而一些人相信,这种联想要追溯到史前时代──13是不能用十指或两只脚数尽的最小数目(显然脚趾头不算)。
但迪普奥大学
(Depauw
University)
退休数学教授、《数字命理学》作者达德利(Underwood
Dudley)表示,他无法对这些说法予以证实。达德利博士说,据我所知,必须有某个数字是不吉利的,而这个数字就是13。
美国威斯康星州梅库恩(Mequon,Wisc.)的数字命理学家凯(Beverly
Kay)并不害怕13。不过她说,她为顾客的生日和姓名赋予意义的工作,与数学是相通的。凯女士说,这是科学。
心理学家和历史学家一般都试图把这种信念跟人类的一种普遍倾向联系起来,这种倾向就是在不存在类型和系统的地方寻找类型和系统。在极端情况下,数字的情感联想可能会潜入强迫性的行为。在《数字的异想世界》(Strange
Brains
and
Genius)一书中,皮寇弗(Clifford
Pickover)深入研究了数字性强迫性紊乱的各种案例,发现这种紊乱可以跟任何数字发生联系。电子学先驱台斯拉(Nikola
Tesla)每天要用18块干净毛巾,并对3的倍数显示了强烈的偏好。
数学家一般不会达到台斯拉这样的极端,他们认为,他们对所有数字是一视同仁的,而这把他们和数字命理学家们区别开来。
例如加州大学伯克利分校教授里贝(Kenneth
Ribet)就说,他把一些质数视为“朋友”。其中一个是144,169,就像是12的平方跟了一个13的平方。另外一个比较容易记住的数字是1,234,567,891。
里贝教授说,数学家并没有怕见到或不愿见到的数字,因为我们对所有数字真的都很喜欢。他说,另一方面,我们当中一些人确实偏爱一些数字。
Everyone
can
agree
that
1+1=2.
But
the
idea
that
7
is
greater
than
13
--
that
some
numbers
are
luckier
than
others
--
makes
no
sense
to
some
people.
Such
numerical
biases
can
cause
deep
divisions.
And
that
is
what
happened
earlier
this
month
in
Hong
Kong.
Property
developer
Henderson
Land
Development
Co.
made
news
for
selling
a
condominium
for
$56.6
million,a
price
the
developer
called
a
residential
record
in
Asia.
But
after
that
sale
was
announced,the
property
began
making
news
for
other
unusual
numbers.
Henderson
is
labeling
the
floors
of
its
property
at
39
Conduit
Road
with
numbers
that
increase,but
not
in
the
conventional
1-then-2
way.
The
floor
above
39,for
example,is
60.
And
the
top
three
floors
are
consecutively
labeled
66,68
and
88.
This
offended
some
people
s
sense
of
order.
At
a
protest
Sunday
against
high
housing
prices,Hong
Kong
Democratic
Party
legislators
expressed
dissatisfaction
with
the
numbering
scheme
s
tenuous
relationship
to
reality.
You
could
call
the
ground
floor
the
88th
floor,but
it
s
meaningless,says
Emily
Lau.
When
you
say
you
live
on
the
88th
floor,people
expect
you
to
be
on
the
88th
floor,not
the
10th
floor
or
something.
Numerology,a
belief
that
certain
digits
have
greater
meaning
beyond
merely
their
quantity,has
long
been
been
viewed
as
a
kind
of
loony
uncle
to
mathematics.
Numerologists
favor
or
fear
certain
numbers
depending
on
factors
such
as
the
sound
of
the
words
for
those
numbers
or
the
letter
in
the
alphabet
they
correspond
to.
That
kind
of
reasoning
leads
some
mathematicians,who
are
governed
by
numerical
laws
and
properties,to
believe
they
have
one
up
on
numerologists.
点击下载:托福阅读机经背景材料
But
many
mathematicians
have
their
own
emotional
attachments
to
numbers
that
drove
them
to
enter
the
field
in
the
first
place.
Some
will
cop
to
having
numerical
crushes
that
might
not
look
that
different
from
numerologists
.
The
idea
that
numbers
are
somehow
pure
and
immune
to
superstitious
thinking,because
they
re
somehow
more
objective
than
words,doesn
t
take
into
account
the
fact
that
every
concept
exists
(in
our
minds)
in
an
interconnected
tapestry
of
emotionally
and
culturally
charged
signifiers,Golan
Levin,designer
of
the
interactive
project
The
Secret
Lives
of
Numbers,which
tracks
the
popularity
of
every
whole
number
between
one
and
one
million,writes
in
an
email.
He
considers
most
numerical
superstitions
harmless.
Thomas
Garrity,a
mathematician
at
Williams
College,has
always
had
a
particular
fondness
for
the
number
9.
The
number
51,however,doesn
t
make
his
favorites
list.
This
might
stem
from
childhood,when
I
regularly
thought
that
51
should
be
prime,even
though
51=3x17,he
says,taking
a
trip
down
mathematical
memory
lane.
But
he
doesn
t
base
decisions
on
his
preferences,for
instance
by
avoiding
the
51st
floor
of
buildings,he
says.
I
can
understand
people
having
slightly
irrational
feelings
about
particular
numbers,Prof.
Garrity
says.
I
don
t
get,though,people
making
real
decisions
based
on
such
feelings.
And
yet
some
numerical
superstitions
do
spread,especially
when
profits
are
involved.
A
Las
Vegas
casino
that
caters
to
Hong
Kong
high
rollers
also
skips
floors
from
40
to
59,while
Henderson
s
Hong
Kong
development
omits
the
13th
floor
to
cater
to
Western
tastes.
A
Henderson
spokeswoman
says
customers
don
t
want
the
fours
and
the
unlucky
numbers.
These
numbers
are
more
interesting.
Henderson
chose
to
name
the
floors
as
it
did
because
of
positive
associations
with
6
and
8,and
negative
ones
with
4.
In
Cantonese
and
Mandarin,the
word
for
eight
sounds
like
faat,which
means
prosperity.
Hence
the
Beijing
Olympics
starting
time
of
8
p.m.
on
Aug.
8,2008.
The
word
for
four,meanwhile,sounds
very
much
like
death,and
is
therefore
avoided
at
all
costs,says
Hung-Hsi
Wu,professor
emeritus
of
mathematics
at
University
of
California,Berkeley,who
was
born
in
Hong
Kong.
Six
is
also
considered
lucky.
A
preference
for
six
over
four
also
guided
developers
of
the
42-floor
Mandalay
Bay
casino
in
Las
Vegas.
There,penthouses
are
on
the
60th,61st
and
62nd
floor
because
Mandalay
Bay
skips
the
numbers
40
to
59.
Gordon
Absher,spokesman
for
Mandalay
owner
MGM
Mirage,says
that
decision
was
shaped
by
possible
perceptions
of
high
rollers
when
they
are
assigned
to
those
floors.
You
could
think
that
we
are
trying
to,as
the
casino,give
you
bad
luck,Mr.
Absher
says.
Similarly,developers
who
would
assuage
fears
of
13
can
t
avoid
the
existence
of
a
13th
floor
in
buildings
with
13
or
more
stories.
But
they
can
rename
it
out
of
existence.
When
a
13th
floor
was
added
to
the
Skirvin
Hotel
in
Oklahoma
City,in
the
1930s,it
was
named
the
14th
floor.
The
hotel
was
shuttered
in
1988
and
reopened
and
renamed
in
2007
by
Hilton,which
nonetheless
kept
the
name
for
the
top
floor.
The
22-story
headquarters
of
Chicago-based
Marc
Realty
avoids
throwing
off
the
numbers
in
higher
floors
by
labeling
the
13th
floor
14A.
It
labels
the
14th
floor
14B.
That
arrangement
keeps
the
elevations
of
the
upper
floors
straight
in
a
physical
sense,says
Marc
marketing
coordinator
Dan
Krc.
He
adds
that
triskaidekaphobia,or
fear
of
13,appears
to
be
fading,with
floors
labeled
13
in
Marc
properties
showing
occupancy
rates
are
no
lower
than
other
floors.
The
negative
associations
with
13
have
been
traced
to
the
number
of
diners
at
the
Last
Supper,before
the
betrayal
of
Jesus.
Some
believed
it
went
back
to
prehistoric
times
--
the
lowest
number
that
couldn
t
be
counted
on
ten
fingers
and
two
feet.
(Apparently,individual
toes
couldn
t
be
counted).
But
Underwood
Dudley,retired
professor
of
mathematics
at
Depauw
University
and
author
of
Numerology,says
he
wasn
t
able
to
verify
any
of
these.
As
far
as
I
can
tell,some
number
had
to
be
unlucky,and
it
was
13,Dr.
Dudley
says.
Beverly
Kay,a
numerologist
in
Mequon,Wisc.,doesn
t
buy
fears
of
13.
However,she
says
her
work
reading
meaning
into
clients
birth
dates
and
names
is
consistent
with
math.
This
is
scientific,Ms.
Kay
says.
Psychologists
and
historians
generally
have
tied
such
beliefs
to
the
broader
human
tendency
to
seek
patterns
and
systems
where
none
exist.
At
its
extreme,an
emotional
relationship
to
a
number
can
creep
into
obsessive-compulsive
behavior.
In
his
book
Strange
Brains
and
Genius,Clifford
Pickover
dug
through
case
studies
of
numerical
obsessive-compulsive
disorder,and
found
that
it
could
be
tied
to
just
about
any
numeral.
Electricity
pioneer
Nikola
Tesla
demanded
precisely
18
clean
towels
a
day
and
showed
an
intense
preference
for
multiples
of
three.
While
mathematicians
generally
don
t
go
to
Tesla-like
extremes,they
possess
a
generally
positive
outlook
about
all
numbers
and
that
distinguishes
them
from
numerologists,they
say.
For
example,Kenneth
Ribet,a
professor
of
mathematics
at
Berkeley,considers
some
prime
numbers
friends,he
says.
One
is
144,169,which
reads
like
12
squared
followed
by
13
squared;
another
the
easily
remembered
number
of
1,234,567,891.
Mathematicians
don
t
have
numbers
that
they
re
afraid
of
or
shy
away
from
because
we
do
really
like
all
of
the
numbers,says
Prof.
Ribet.
On
the
other
hand,some
of
us
have
favorites.
以上即为托福阅读机经背景材料:地球人忌讳的数字。的详细内容,对于同学们积累托福阅读机经的背景知识有一定帮助,也希望同学们在日常复习中自己也有意识地积累一些托福阅读背景素材。智课教育祝大家在考试中取得好成绩。